Medical Terminology: Get Connected! Second Edition Suzanne S. Frucht Chapter 12 Urology and Nephrology: Urinary System and Male Reproductive System

Learning Objectives 12.1 DESCRIBE the medical specialties of urology and nephrology. 12.2 UNDERSTAND the functions of the urinary and male reproductive systems. 12.3 DEFINE urology and nephrology-related combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes. 12.4 IDENTIFY the organs treated in urology and nephrology.

Learning Objectives 12.5 BUILD urology and nephrology medical terms from word parts. 12.6 EXPLAIN urology and nephrology medical terms. 12.7 USE urology and nephrology abbreviations.

Urology and Nephrology Important for maintaining homeostasis A stable internal environment Removing waste products Adjusting water and electrolyte levels Maintaining normal pH

Urology and Nephrology Kidneys produce urine Urine flows through Kidneys Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra

Male Reproductive System In males, urinary system and reproductive system share urethra

Male Reproductive System Male reproductive organs Testes Epididymis Vas deferens Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland Urethra Penis

Urology and Nephrology Urologists treat conditions of: Female and male urinary tract Male reproductive system Nephrologists treat conditions of kidney such as: Renal failure Kidney transplants Dialysis

Urology and Nephrology Combining Forms balan/o glans penis cyst/o urinary bladder, sac epididym/o epididymis glomerul/o glomerulus lith/o stone nephr/o kidney orchid/o testes orchi/o testes orch/o testes prostat/o prostate gland pyel/o renal pelvis ren/o kidney

Urology and Nephrology Combining Forms semin/i semen spermat/o sperm sperm/o sperm testicul/o testes ur/o urine ureter/o ureter urethr/o urethra urin/o urine vas/o vas deferens vesicul/o seminal vesicle

Additional Combining Forms albumin/o albumin azot/o nitrogen waste bacteri/o bacteria corpor/o body crypt/o hidden genit/o genitals glycos/o sugar, glucose hem/o blood hemat/o blood hydr/o water noct/i night olig/o scanty py/o pus rect/o rectum ven/o vein

Suffix Review –al pertaining to –algia pain –ar pertaining to –ary pertaining to –cele hernia, protrusion –cyte cell –eal pertaining to –ectomy surgical removal –emia blood condition –genesis produces, generates –gram record, picture –graphy process of recording –ia state –iasis abnormal condition

Suffix Review –ic pertaining to –ism state of –itis inflammation –lith stone –logist one who studies –logy study –lysis destruction –megaly enlarged -meter instrument for measuring –oma tumor, mass –osis abnormal condition –ostomy surgically create an opening –otomy cutting into –ous pertaining to

Suffix Review –pathy disease –pexy surgical fixation –plasia formation of cells –plasty surgical repair –ptosis drooping –rrhaphy suture –rrhea discharge, flow –sclerosis hardening –scope instrument for viewing –scopy process of visually examining –stenosis narrowing –tripsy crushing –uria urine condition

Prefix Review a– without an– without dys– abnormal, difficult, painful extra– outside of hyper– excessive intra– within poly– many trans– across

Figure 12.1 The urinary system.

Figure 12.2 The male reproductive system.

Building Urology and Nephrology Terms For each urology and nephrology term introduced on the next few slides, write the completed term in your textbook (pg 223).

Balan/o Combining form meaning glans penis Enlarged tip of the penis Covered by the prepuce or foreskin Build a medical term meaning: discharge from the glans penis balanorrhea balan/o + -rrhea

Cyst/o Combining form meaning urinary bladder Muscular organ Stores urine produced by the kidneys Urine drains into bladder from ureters and exits bladder into urethra

Figure 12.3 Urinary Bladder.

Cyst/o Build a medical term meaning: bladder pain cystalgia protrusion of the bladder cystocele stone in the bladder cystolith cyst/o + -lith

Epididym/o Combining form meaning epididymis Sits on top of each testis Stores sperm as they are made by the testes Build a medical term meaning: pertaining to the epididymis epididymal

Lith/o Combining form meaning stone Stones form in many parts of body Usually formed from organic or inorganic salts

Lith/o Build a medical term meaning: cyst/o + lith + -iasis surgical crushing of a stone lithotripsy abnormal condition of stone in bladder cystolithiasis cyst/o + lith + -iasis

Nephr/o Combining form meaning kidney One kidney is located on either side of spine at level of lower ribs Consists of thousands of nephrons Glomerulus portion of each nephron filters waste products and excess water and electrolytes out of blood in order to produce urine

Figure 12.4 Kidney.

Nephr/o Urine drains out of kidney into ureter and on to urinary bladder for storage Build a medical term meaning: enlarged kidney nephromegaly drooping kidney nephroptosis nephr/o + -ptosis

Orchid/o Combining form meaning testes Male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone Two testes are suspended outside body in the scrotum As sperm are produced they travel to epididymis for storage Singular form is testis

Figure 12.5 Testis.

Orchid/o Another term for testes is testicles (singular, testicle) Build a medical term meaning: surgical removal of testes orchidectomy orchid + -ectomy

Orchi/o Another combining form meaning testes Build a medical term meaning: surgical fixation of the testes orchiopexy testes pain orchialgia

Orch/o Another combining form meaning testes Build a medical term meaning: state of being without testes anorchism condition of hidden testes cryptorchism crypt- + orch + -ism

-ostomy Suffix meaning to create a surgical opening Describes creation of new opening between two organs or between organ and external surface of body New opening on surface of body is called stoma

-ostomy Build a medical term meaning: surgically create an opening in the ureter ureterostomy surgically create an opening in the renal pelvis pyelostomy pyel + -ostomy

Prostat/o Combining form meaning prostate gland One of male reproductive glands Located surrounding urethra at base of the bladder Secretes milky fluid Makes up much of liquid portion of semen Serves to nourish sperm

Prostat/o Build a medical term meaning: surgical removal of the prostate gland prostatectomy prostat + -ectomy

Figure 12.6 Prostate gland.

Pyel/o Combining form meaning renal pelvis Area inside each kidney where urine collects as it is being made Each renal pelvis then drains into one of the ureters

Pyel/o Build a medical term meaning: renal pelvis and kidney inflammation pyelonephritis pyel/o + nephr + -itis

Ren/o Another combining form meaning kidney Build a medical term meaning: record of the kidney renogram

Semin/i Combining form meaning semen Fluid ejaculated from penis during intercourse Contains sperm and fluids secreted by reproductive glands: Prostate gland Seminal vesicles Bulbourethral gland

Semin/i Build a medical term meaning: semin + -uria condition of semen in the urine seminuria semin + -uria

Spermat/o Combining form meaning sperm Male reproductive cells Produced in testes and ejaculated from body in semen Contain one-half of normal complement of chromosomes

Spermat/o When sperm fertilizes ovum (which also has one- half set of chromosomes from mother), new baby is created with full set of chromosomes Build a medical term meaning: generates sperm spermatogenesis destruction of sperm spermatolysis

Sperm/o Another combining form meaning sperm Build a medical term meaning: state of being without sperm aspermia state of having scanty sperm oligospermia olig/o + sperm + -ia

Testicul/o Combining form meaning testicle Build a medical term meaning: pertaining to a testicle testicular testicul + -ar

Ureter/o Combining form meaning ureter Tube leading away from renal pelvis of each kidney Carries urine from kidney to urinary bladder

Figure 12.7 Sectioned kidney.

Figure 12.8 Ureters.

Ureter/o Build a medical term meaning: ureter inflammation ureteritis narrowing of the ureter ureterostenosis

Urethr/o Combining form meaning urethra Single urethra leads out of bladder Carries urine to outside of body External opening is meatus

Figure 12.9 Male Urethra.

Urethr/o Build a medical term meaning: surgical repair of the urethra urethroplasty urethra pain urethralgia urethr + -algia

-uria Suffix meaning condition of the urine Used with prefix or combining form to indicate something found in urine or associated with urination

-uria Build a medical term meaning: noct + -uria sugar urine condition glycosuria night urine condition nocturia noct + -uria

Urin/o Combining form meaning urine Fluid produced by nephrons of each kidney as they filter wastes, water, and dissolved substances from blood Build a medical term meaning: instrument to measure urine urinometer

Ur/o Another combining form meaning urine Build a medical term meaning: condition of urine in the blood uremia

Vas/o Combining form meaning vas deferens Long tube Carries sperm from epididymis to urethra Reproductive glands connected to vas deferens add fluids as sperm pass by, making semen

Vas/o Build a medical term meaning: vas + -ectomy surgical removal of the vas deferens vasectomy vas + -ectomy

Figure 12.10 Steps in performing a vasectomy: (A) vas deferens are located; (B) small skin incision is made; (C) vas deferens are cut and ends are cauterized; (D) vas deferens are returned to scrotum and skin is sutured.

Vesicul/o Combining form meaning seminal vesicles Male reproductive glands Located behind bladder Add fluid to sperm as they pass in vas deferens

Vesicul/o Build a term meaning: vesicul + -ectomy surgical removal of the seminal vesicle vesiculectomy vesicul + -ectomy

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) Noncancerous enlargement of prostate gland; condition places pressure on urethra and narrows it, resultingi n frequency, urgency, and nocturia; commonly seen in males over age 50 blood urea nitrogen (BUN) Blood test to determine kidney function by measuring level of nitrogenous waste, or urea, in blood calculus Term for “stone formed within organ”; most are formed from mineral salts; commonly found in kidney, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, or urethra; plural is calculi

Figure 12.11 Benign prostatic hyperplasia: the enlarged prostate gland pinches the urethra, making urination difficult.

Figure 12.12 Common location for calculi in the urinary system: kidney, renal pelvis, ureter, and bladder.

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation chlamydia Bacterial sexually transmitted disease; causes inflammation of urethra of males or cervix of females with purulent discharge circumcision Surgical removal of prepuce, or foreskin, from glans penis; commonly performed on newborn male at request of parents; primary reason is for ease of hygiene; also a ritual practiced in some religions clean catch specimen (CC) Procedure for obtaining urine sample after cleaning off urethral meatus and catching urine in midstream (halfway through urination process) to minimize contamination from skin

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation digital rectal exam (DRE) Direct examination for presence of enlarged prostate gland performed by palpating (feeling) prostate gland with fingers (digital) through wall of rectum erectile dysfunction (ED) Inability to achieve erection of penis for coitus; also called impotence extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) Treatment procedure for urinary system stones; utilizes ultrasound waves to break up stones; process is noninvasive,meaning it does not require surgery

Figure 12.13 Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, a non-invasive procedure using high frequency sound waves to shatter kidney stones.

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation frequency Condition of feeling urge to urinate more often than normal but without increase in total daily volume of urine; can indicate inflammation of bladder or urethra or benign prostatic hyperplasia genital herpes Highly infectious viral sexually transmitted disease; causes blisterlike lesions on penis of males or cervix and vagina of females gonorrhea Bacterial sexually transmitted disease; infects mucous membranes and can spread throughout entire genitourinary system; often does not cause many symptoms until widespread

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation hemodialysis (HD) Treatment for renal failure using artificial kidney machine to filter waste from blood hesitancy State of difficulty initiating flow of urine; often symptom of blockage along urethra, such as caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia hydrocele Accumulation of fluid within scrotum intravenous pyelogram (IVP) X-ray of kidney following injection of dye into vein to visualize renal pelvis as kidney filters dye out of bloodstream and puts it into urine

Figure 12.14 Patient undergoing hemodialysis; patient’s blood passes through the hemodialysis machine for cleansing and is then returned to the body.

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation peritoneal dialysis Artificial means to remove wastes by placing warm, chemically balanced solutions into peritoneal cavity; treatment for renal failure phimosis Narrowing of prepuce over glans penis; may cause difficulty with urination and infection; treatment is circumcision polycystic kidney disease (PKD) Inherited kidney disease characterized by presence of multiple cysts throughout kidney tissue; eventually destroys kidneys and results in kidney failure

Figure 12.15 In peritoneal dialysis, a chemically balanced solution is placed into the abdominal cavity to draw impurities out of the bloodstream; it is removed after several hours

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Blood test to screen for prostate cancer prostatic cancer Common and slow-growing cancer of prostate gland occurring in males over age 50; prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is used to assist in early detection of this disease renal failure Inability of kidneys to filter wastes from blood and/or produce urine; treatment of severe renal failure is dialysis or renal transplant

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation renal transplant Replacement of diseased kidney by donor kidney retrograde pyelogram (RP) X-ray of urinary bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis following insertion of dye through urethra semen analysis Evaluation of semen for fertility; sperm in semen analyzed for number, swimming strength, and shape; procedure would also be used to determine if vasectomy has been successful

Figure 12.16 Figure illustrates the location of transplanted donor kidney.

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation sterility Inability to produce children; in males, usually due to problem with sperm production, such as aspermia or oligospermia; also called infertility syphilis Bacterial sexually transmitted disease; begins as localized ulcer at point of infection; chronic disease which after years spreads through lymph nodes to nervous system, causing death testicular cancer Cancer of one or both testicles; commonly seen in young men or boys

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation transurethral resection (TUR) Surgical removal of prostate gland tissue by inserting device called resectoscope through urethra and removing prostate tissue; may also be referred to simply as transurethral resection (TUR) trichomoniasis Protozoan sexually transmitted disease; causes inflammation of genitourinary tract in both men and women undescended testicle Congenital anomaly involving failure of one or both of testes to descend into scrotal sac before birth; surgical procedure called orchiopexy may be required to bring testes down into scrotum permanently; also called cryptorchism

Figure 12. 17 Undescended testicle or cryptorchism Figure 12.17 Undescended testicle or cryptorchism. In (A) both testes have failed to descend. In (B) one testis correctly descended while the other is partially descended.

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation urgency Feeling need to urinate immediately urinalysis (U/A, UA) Laboratory test that consists physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine urinary catheterization (cath) Insertion of flexible tube, catheter, into urinary bladder through urethra; used to withdraw urine or insert dye urinary incontinence Involuntary urination; also called enuresis urinary tract infection (UTI) Infection, usually bacterial, in any part of urinary tract

Figure 12.18 A dipstick is used to conduct a chemical analysis of urine testing; for example, for the presence of sugar.

Figure 12.19 Urinary catheterization in both (A) female and (B) male patients.

Figure 12.20 Urinary tract infection characterized by fever, low back or abdominal pain, and burning pain during urination. A urinalysis reveals the presence of bacteria and white blood cells

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation urine culture & sensitivity (C&S) Diagnostic lab procedure that identifies bacterial infection of urinary system and determines best antibiotic to treat it; involves growing bacteria in culture medium and testing different antibiotics on it varicocele Development of varicose veins in the scrotal veins voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) X-rays are made while patient voids dye that has been placed in urinary bladder through urethra

Urology and Nephrology Abbreviations ARF acute renal failure cysto cystoscopy BPH benign prostatic hypertrophy DRE digital rectal exam BUN blood urea nitrogen ED erectile dysfunction cath catheterization ESRD end-stage renal disease CC clean-catch urine specimen ESWL extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy CRF chronic renal failure GU genitourinary C & S culture and sensitivity test

Urology and Nephrology Abbreviations HD hemodialysis PSA prostate-specific antigen HPV human papilloma virus RP retrograde pyelogram I & O intake and output STD sexually transmitted disease IVP intravenous pyelogram TUR transurethral resection KUB kidney, ureter, bladder TURP transurethral resection and prostatectomy PKD polycystic kidney disease

Urology and Nephrology Abbreviations U/A, UA urinalysis VCUG voiding cystourethrography UC urine culture VD venereal disease UTI urinary tract infection

Combining Forms Match Up cyst/o lith/o nephr/o orch/o pyel/o stone bladder testes renal pelvis kidney