Orta, Hillary Period: 1 AP History Trends & Visions Orta, Hillary Period: 1 AP History

Religious Visions Christian Millenarianism Militant Islam The Catholic church proclaimed the year 2000 a holy year and marked it with all sorts of celebrations.(Bulliet, 890) Looking deeper into the millennium turned to the book of Apocalypse. Here it states that the end of the world would come after the passage of six millennia, some Christians held that the year 2000 marked the beginning of the end, and they saw the events around them in terms of these prophecies. (Bulliet, 890) Because of their believes that only Christians can be saved, millenarian Christians have steped up the effort to convert Muslims and Jews. (Bulliet, 890) Militant Islam In the book Pipes defines militant Islam as the fundamentalist or Islamic wing of Islam which has three observable characteristics: Fanatical devotion to religious law, Absolute rejection of all non-Islamic cultures and societies and Turning a personal faith into a ruling system that knows no constraints. ( http://lamar.colostate.edu/~grjan/Christianwest_Islam.html) Results from Militant Islam Include terrorist attacks resulting in wars such as the Iraqi war. Some followers would be the Al-Qaeda members. (http://lamar.colostate.edu/~grjan/Christianwest_Islam.html) Islamic people do this terrorist attacks as a way of following their religion. The Arabic word Muslims should be prepared to defend Islam, including military defense, when the community of faith is under attack. While the vast majority of Muslims reject the violent extremism manifest on September 11, some Islamic leaders and groups clearly attempt to justify their behavior in the context of a holy war or struggle in defense of Islam. Thus, Osama bin Laden calls on the "nation of Islam" to join with him in this holy war. jihad means "striving or struggling in the way of God." Muslims should strive to know and do the will of God. ( http://www.religion- online.org/showarticle.asp?title=2157)

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Universal Rights Human rights refer to the "basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled."[1] Examples of rights and freedoms which have come to be commonly thought of as human rights include civil and political rights, such as the right to life and liberty, freedom of expression, and equality before the law; and social, cultural and economic rights, including the right to participate in culture, the right to food, the right to work, and the right to education. ( Dictionary.com) The pinnacle of the efforts of making all people equal was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This was passed by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. It proclaimed itself “ a common standard of achievement for all people and nations”. ( Bulliet, 893) “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.” (Article 1 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights) The idea of universal human rights has not been unchallenged. Some asked whether a set of principles whose origins were so clearly western could be called universal. Others are uneasy about subordinating the traditional values their culture or religion to a broader philosophical standard. ( Bulliet, 894) Besides the official actions of the United Nations and individual states, individual activist, often working through international philanthropic bodies known as nongovernmental organizations, have been important forces for promoting human rights. For example, Amnesty International, founded 1n 1961, had gained over a million members in 162 countries by the 1990's, concentrates on gaining the freedom of people who have been tortured or imprisoned with out trial. ( Bulliet, 894) The rising tendency to see health care as a human right has made a new disease, AIDS, the focus of particular attention because its incidence and high mortality rate are closely associated with poverty, and treatments are very expensive.( Bulliet, 894) Other international agreements have made genocides a crime and have promoted enviromental protection of the seas, Antarctica and of the atmosphere. This made the US concerned that such treaties would unduly limit their sovereignty or threaten their national interest. For this reason the United States made many mistakes including withdrawing in 2001 from the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. To many nations this seemed as if Americans, with the world's greatest indutrial economy, were trying to exempt themselves from the standards that they wanted to impose on other nations.( Bulliet, 896)

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Women's Rights The term women's rights refers to freedoms and entitlements of women and girls of all ages. These rights may or may not be institutionalized, ignored or suppressed by law, local custom, and behavior in a particular society. .( Dictionary.com) The women's rights movement, which began on both sides of the North Atlantic in the 19th century, became an important human rights issue in the twentieth century. Rights for woman became accepted in Western countries and were enshrine in the constitutions of many nations newly freed from colonial rule. ( Bulliet, 896) A series of international conferences on the statues of woman sponsored by the Division for the Advancement of Woman of the United Nations have shown an international importance of women's rights at the end of the 20th century. The first meeting held in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1985, attracted seventeen thousand woman from all over the world. The second meeting was in Beijing, China, to the discomfort of Chinese government. ( Bulliet, 896) Some issues that were focused on equal acces to education and jobs. On quality-of-life matters such as ending sexual exploitation and gaining control of reproduction. Other issues were on clothing that was uncomfortable. For example, Muslim countries protested that a woman covered their head and wear loose fitting garments to conceal the shape of their body. This practyices are enforced by law in countries like Iran and Saudi Arabia. ( Bulliet, 896) Other isues in Africa included the African custom of circumcising girls, a form of genital mutilation that can cause infections or permanently impair sexual enjoyment. While not denying the the problems that this could cause, African woman were more concerned with the deteriorating economic conditions, rape and AIDS. ( Bulliet, 896) The conferences were more important for the publicity and attention it gave to women's issues than to the actual solution the generated. Nevertheless, increase in women's education, acces to employment, political participation, and control of fertility augured well for the eventual achievement of gender equality. ( Bulliet, 897) Women first won the right to vote in New Zealand in 1893, in Australia in 1902, and in Finland in 1906, preceding the United States and Britain in affirming full voting rights. However, in some of these countries only women in the ruling population were able to vote at first. For example, Aboriginal women in Australia were not allowed to vote until they became citizens in 1967. Many other nations have proved much slower to change. For example, in Switzerland women gained the right to vote only in February 1, 1959, after a referendum on women's suffrage.( www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/americanstudies/lavender/decwom2.html )

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Bibliography Dcitionary.com Dictionary.com. 28 Mar. 2009 <http://dictionary.com>. Gouges, Olympe De. "Declaration of the Rights of Woman, 1791." College of Staten Island Library. 28 Mar. 2009 <http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/americanstudies/lavender/decwom2.html>. Jansen, G. Richard. Lamar.ColoState.EDU. Colorado State University. 28 Mar. 2009 <http://lamar.colostate.edu/~grjan/Christianwest_Islam.htm>. Kimball, Cahrles A. "Examining Islamic Militancy." Religion online. 28 Mar. 2009 <http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=2157>.