Chapter 26 Urinary system infections/STDs Medgar Evers College Bio 261 Dr. Santos

Urinary system Infections Microbes usually enter the reproductive system through the: Vagina (females) or urethra (males)

Bacterial Disease Agents of infection Symptoms treatment Bacterial Cystitis Cystitis usually caused by E. coli & S. saprophyticus • May also be caused by Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas Burning, painful, frequent urination, foul smell and red colored urine, fever, chills, back pain, vomiting Antimicrobial medication, hygiene, and drinking fluids.

Leptospirosis Disease Cause Symptoms Pathogenesis Treatment Leptospira interrogans Chills, fever, headache, muscle Aches *without treatment can lead to kidney failure, meningitis, liver failure, respiratory distress, and even death. Penetration of mucous membrane, travels via bloodstream, and colonization throughout body. Avoid contact with animal urine, An antibiotics such as tetracycline.

Bacterial vaginosis Disease Cause Symptoms treatment Gardnerella Vaginalis A small aerotolerant, gram positive bacteria Infection without inflammation; thin white grayish bubbly vaginal discharge, fishy odor, Treatment: metronidazole

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Disease Cause Symptoms Pathogenesis Treatment Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Candida albicans Itching, burning, thick white vaginal discharge, redness and swelling An inflammatory response to the overgrowth of the yeast. An antifungal medication such as clotrimazole.

Bacterial sexually transmitted diseases Most of these are STD’s (sexually transmitted diseases) • Prevented by condoms Treated with antibiotics Gonorrhea Chlamydial Genital System infections Syphilis Chancroid

Gonorrhea • Agent of infection =Neisseria gonorrhoeae •The 2nd most common bacterial STD Most common in people aged 15 to 29 Can affect the cervix, urethra, rectum, throat, and occasionally the eyes Can be treated with antibiotics

GONORRHEA: Signs & Symptoms female male Increased vaginal discharge Painful urination Lower abdominal pain Bleeding after sex and between periods Pain during sex Thick, yellowish-green discharge from penis Painful urination Testicular pain or swelling Rectal pain, discharge or itching

Chlamydial genital system infections Disease Cause Symptoms treatment Chlamydial genital system infections Chlamydia trachomatis Men; white- gray penile discharge, pain in the testes Women; vaginal discharge and bleeding and lower and upper abdominal pain Azithromycin and other antimicrobial medications.

Syphilis A bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum that progresses in stages Primary: (3 days – 3 months) starts as a small, painless sore called a chancre; goes away on it’s own Secondary: (2 – 24 weeks) rash on the body, palms of hands & soles of feet, hair loss, feeling sick Latent: lesions or rashes can recur

syphilis Untreated syphilis may lead to tertiary syphilis, which can damage: The cardiovascular system (heart & blood vessels) The neurological system Other major organs of the body Complications may lead to death

Chancroid (Soft Chancre) Causative agent: Haemophilus ducreyi Symptoms: Painful ulcers of genitals swollen lymph nodes in groin Diagnosis: Culture Treatment: Erythromycin; cetriaxone

Viral/Genital Herpes Two types: HSV-1, causing cold sores, and HSV-2, causing genital herpes It is a viral infection causing outbreaks of painful sores and blisters Spread through direct vaginal, oral or anal sexual contact with an infected partner Also transmitted by receiving oral sex from a partner with a history of cold sores Symptoms can be treated with antiviral medications, but NO CURE

Prior to an outbreak, the person may feel a tingling or burning sensation where the virus first entered the skin Painful sores (external or internal) Inflammation and redness Fever Muscular pain Tender lymph nodes

Genital Warts Human papillomaviruses Warts in genital area HPV 16 causes cervical cancer and cancer of the penis Treatment: Podofilox; imiquimod Prevention: Vaccination against HPV strains

AIDS Disease Cause Symptoms Pathogenesis treatment AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 No symptoms or flu like symptoms, latent period followed by other infections that are opportunistic HIV-1 infects CD+4 t cells and macrophages and destroys them and thus weakening the immune system Abstinence from sex, protection, antiviral medications such as reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors, and good life style

Protozoa/Trichomoniasis Trichomoniasis is the most common curable STD. In the United States, an estimated 3.7 million people have the infection. However, only about 30% develop any symptoms of trichomoniasis. Caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. Infection is more common in women than in men.

symptoms females males Itching, burning, redness or soreness of the genitals; Discomfort with urination; A change in their vaginal discharge (i.e., thin discharge or increased volume) that can be clear, white, yellowish, or greenish with an unusual fishy smell. Itching or irritation inside the penis; Burning after urination or ejaculation; Discharge from the penis.

treatment Trichomoniasis can be treated with medication (either metronidazole or tinidazole). These pills are taken by mouth. It is safe for pregnant women to take this medication. It is not recommended to drink alcohol within 24 hours after taking this medication.