PPT of topic § Electric Cars and Hybrid vehicles - Electric Cars Programme : Automobile Engineering. (AE) Course: Advanced automobile Engines (17523) Semester : Fifth PPT of topic § Electric Cars and Hybrid vehicles - Electric Cars 10/8/2017

Electric Cars and Hybrid vehicles ● The electrical vehicles (EV) are quiet, produce no exhaust emission and are very efficient. ● Depending upon the application, battery powered electric vehicles can be classified as- road vehicles or industrial trucks. ● Industrial trucks are used for transporting goods on company premises. Their top speed is below 50 Km/hr. 10/8/2017

● Due to low power density of batteries, the range of battery powered on-road vehicles is very less than that of vehicles powered by I.C. Engines (ICEs). The maximum speed of such vehicles is also limited to around 130 Km/hr. ● The price of EVs are significantly higher than comparable vehicles using ICE. ● Increasing air pollution prompted the development of experimental EVs. Petrol shortage in 1970s, renewed the interest in EVs. 10/8/2017

Electric Cars and Hybrid vehicles ● Major Problems- The major problem with EVs was their relatively small operating radius (traditional fuel has about a 20 times greater energy density than batteries). ● Present day EV performance is less than that of ICE vehicles as demonstrated below. 10/8/2017

Internal Combustion Engine- Vehicle Electric Vehicle Parameter Internal Combustion Engine- Vehicle Electric Vehicle 1) Operating Range 750 to 1100 Km with tank full of fuel Less than 180 Km 2) Refueling 5 to 10 Minutes In hours (battery charging) 3) Energy Density of Fuel 12000 Wh/kg 30 to 35 4) Speed 200 Km/hr 120 Km/hr 5) Acceleration Higher acceleration at high speeds (from 110 km/hr) Lesser high speed acceleration. 10/8/2017

Internal Combustion Engine- Vehicle Electric Vehicle Parameter Internal Combustion Engine- Vehicle Electric Vehicle 6) Hill Climbing ability More Significantly less 7) Initial cost Less Significantly high 8) Operational Cost Should be less 9) Maintenance 10) Vehicle lifetime Lesser (Maximum 15 years) Significantly longer. 11) Battery Maintenance High maintenance and short life span of battery (few yrs) 10/8/2017

●Motivations to use Electric Vehicles 1) Zero Exhaust Emission 2) Reduced dependency on Imported Oil 3) Electric vehicles can be charged at night during off-peak hours (Increased utilization of existing power plants and reduced energy costs) ● Drawbacks of Electric Vehicles 1)Resultant increase of lead emissions into the air. Most EVs use lead acid batteries. The production, handling and recycling of these batteries increase the emission of lead to the environment. 10/8/2017

● Drawbacks of Electric Vehicles 2) Switching to electric powered vehicles will reduce pollution levels but will increase the consumption of electricity, thereby increasing the air pollution produced by electric power generation at the power stations. 3) Battery requires high maintenance and has a short life span. Therefore cost of batteries should be considered as a part of operating expenses for an electric vehicle. 4)Lead acid battery has short range, long charging time and low energy density. Nickel cadmium batteries have high energy density but have significantly higher prices. 10/8/2017

● Drawbacks of Electric Vehicles 5)Most EVs use expensive electronic components and microprocessors. Consequently the initial cost of EV is significantly higher than that of a Petrol powered vehicle. 6) A road side service may involve changing the battery pack- instead of quick charging 10/8/2017

Drive Trains The drive train in an EV generally consists of the power controller, the motor and transmission. The power controller translates the position of the accelerator pedal into appropriate motor current and voltage. In most cases, the drive torque is a function of accelerator pedal position, as in case of IC engines. 10/8/2017

Major components of Battery EV 1) Charger- It rectifies the AC network voltage for charging the batteries. 2)Protection system- It has circuit breakers, relays and fuses that are connected between the batteries and the rest of electrical system and interrupt the AC supply and/or isolate the batteries in case of fault. 3) Motor- This is used to drive the EV. EVs use both AC and DC motors. 4) Motor Controller- This system controls the drive motor speed and torque. Both AC and DC drives are used. 10/8/2017

Major components of Battery EV 5) Mechanical Drive System- It consists of the transmission, differential, power steering and other non electrical controls required for the motor drive. 6) Vehicle Controller- Most advanced EVs use a microprocessor based controller that monitors the status of each of the major components and initiates controls and protection action as needed. 7)Batteries- the battery pack provides energy for the vehicle propulsion. 10/8/2017

Major components of Battery EV 8) Climate control system- This system includes efficient air conditioning and heating system. 9) Auxiliary power- it supplies power to the head lights, instrumentation, door opener, auxiliary motor (ex. sunroof) and power steering etc. 10/8/2017

Location of Major components It depends upon the vehicle type and construction. Generally batteries are placed at the middle of the vehicle under the seat. Electric motor is directly connected to the transaxle, which drives either the front or rear wheels. The inverter and electronics are placed near the motor. With front wheel drive, the motor and drive are under the hood at the front. The same equipment is placed under the cargo bay in a rear wheel drive pick-up. The charger is located at the front in most of the vehicles. 10/8/2017

Block Diagram of Electric Drive Unit in Battery Powered Electric on road vehicle On-board Battery Charger Power Mains Traction Battery Traction Control Drive Motor Single Stage Transmission Mechanical Braking System DC Converter Wheel Electrical System Battery Brake pedal Accelerator pedal 10/8/2017