INTERNAL & EXTERNAL OF ROUTERS

What is a Router ? Router is a device which makes communication possible between two or more different networks present in different geographical locations. To make communication possible between two or more different networks present in the same geographical location, what are the steps to be taken: Answer : Configuring a Software Router or Implementing the CIDR concept

HYD CHE Is communication possible ? 10.0.0.1/8 S0 S1 10.0.0.2/8 E0 192.168.1.150/24 HYD LAN - 192.168.1.0/24 CHE 10.0.0.1/8 S0 S1 10.0.0.2/8

Is communication possible ? The same networks present in different geographical locations cant communicate through a router because if Network ID of both the networks is same then the request will not go out of the router and it’ll keep on searching within the LAN.

Which Routers to buy ? Many companies are manufacturing Router : Cisco Nortel Multicom Cyclades Juniper Dlink Linksys 3Com But Cisco is having monopoly in the market of Routers

Cisco’s Hierarchical Design Model Cisco divided the Router into 3 Layers Access Layer Router Distribution Layer Router Core Layer Router

Access Layer Router Routers which are used by the Small Organization and are also known as Desktop or Company Layer Routers. Router Series : 800, 1000, 1600, 1700, 2500 Cisco 1700 Cisco 1760 Cisco 800

Distribution Layer Router Routers which are used by the ISPs and are also known as ISP Layer Routers Router Series : 2600, 3200, 3600, 3700 Cisco 2600XM/2691 Cisco 3700 Cisco 3600

Core Layer Router Routers which are used by the Global ISPs and are also known as Backbone Routers Router Series : 6400, 7200, 7300, 7400, 7500, 7600, 10000, 12000 Cisco 7000

Router Classification Fixed Router are just like a branded PC where modification of interfaces is not possible Access Layer Routers are example of Fixed Router except 1600 and 1700 series Modular Router are just like a Assembled PC where modification of interfaces is possible Distribution and Core Layer Routers example of Modular Router FIXED ROUTER MODULAR ROUTER

Example Modular Router

Model 2501 AUI Attachment Unit Interface E0 Serial Ports S0 and S1 Power Switch Console Con 0 Auxiliary Aux 0 Power Supply This slide depicts the broad range of Cisco access router product portfolio. With this announcement, Cisco is enhancing its access router portfolio to offer enterprise customers with a broadest range of routers to meet the needs of enterprise teleworkers, small offices, branch offices, regional offices, all the way to enterprise HQ. This provides customers with the benefit of standardizing on a single operating environment which they are familiar with across all varying office sizes to simplify deployment, maintenance, and lowering support costs and training. In the small office space, with the Cisco SOHO & 800 Series, Cisco has introduced new models such as the SOHO 71 which brings affordable multi-user access and Internet security for Small Businesses as well as new DSL models with an integrated 4 port hub.

Attachment Unit Interface AUI pin configuration is 15 pin female. It is known as Ethernet Port or LAN port or Default Gateway. It is used for connecting LAN to the Router. Transceiver is used for converting 8 wires to 15 wires. i.e. RJ45 to 15 pin converter.

Transceiver

Attachment Unit Interface An IP address needs to be assigned to this interface and it should be in the same network as of the LAN. E0 192.168.1.150/24 LAN - 192.168.1.0/24 1.1 1.2 1.3 Straight Cable Straight Cable

Attachment Unit Interface 192.168.1.150/24 If you connect Router AUI to directly to PC NIC Card then You have to use Cross Cable Cross Cable 1.1 LAN - 192.168.1.0/24

Crimping of Twisted pair Cable Straight cable It is used between unlike device (dissimilar devices) e.g. Hub to PC, Switch to PC, Hub to Router 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Crimping of Twisted pair Cable Cross cable It is used between like device (Similar devices) e.g. Hub to HUB, PC to PC, Switch to Switch, HUB to Switch, PC to Router 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Crimping of Twisted pair Cable Rollover Cable It is used for connecting Router Console Port to PC Com Ports or Serial ports. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Serial Port Serial pin configuration is 60 pin configuration female (i.e. 15 pins and 4 rows) and Smart Serial pin configuration is 26 pin configuration female. It is known as WAN Port It is used for connecting to Remote Locations V.35 cable is having 60 pin configuration male at one end and on the other end 18 pin configuration male.

V.35 Cable

Console Port It is known as Local Administrative Port It is generally used for Initial Configuration, Password Recovery and Local Administration of the Router. It is RJ45 Port IMP : It is the most delicate port on the Router. So make less use of the Console Port.

Console Connectivity

Console Connectivity Connect a rollover cable to the router console port (RJ-45 connector). Connect the other end of the rollover cable to the RJ-45 to DB-9 converter Attach the female DB-9 converter to a PC Serial Port. Open Emulation Software

DB9 Converter

Auxiliary Port It is known as Remote Administrative Port. Used for remote administration Its an RJ-45 port A console or a rollover cable is to be used.

Auxiliary Connectivity

2601 Model Router

LAN interfaces - Ethernet Brief Overview WAN interfaces Serial interface (S0, S1 etc) – 60 pin/26 pin(smart serial) ISDN interface(BRI0 etc) – RJ45 LAN interfaces - Ethernet AUI (Attachment Unit Interface) (E0)– 15 pin 10baseT – RJ45 Administration interfaces Console – RJ45 - Local Auxiliary – RJ45 - Remote

Internal Components ROM A bootstrap program is located here. It is same as the BIOS of the PC. Bootstrap program current version is 11.0 Flash Internetwork Operating System (IOS) developed by Cisco is stored here. IOS is Command line interface.

Internal Components NVRAM Non volatile RAM, similar to Hard Disk It is also known as Permanent Storage or Startup Configuration. Generally size of NVRAM is 32 KB. RAM It is also known as Temporary Storage or running Configuration. Minimum size of RAM is 2MB. The size of RAM is greater than NVRAM in the Router. Processor Motorola Processor 70 Mhz, RISC based processor (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

Internal Components

(verifies) the hardware ROM Boot sequence POST Power on Self Test (verifies) the hardware ROM Contact the ROM Loads the Bootstrap Program & Search where IOS is located FLASH IOS found in Flash Loading IOS NVRAM Flash contacts the NVRAM For Configuration File RAM NVRAM configuration copied into RAM