BELLWORK: 4/14 List three characteristics of communism. Why did President Hindenburg appoint Hitler as chancellor in 1933? List TWO things Hitler did after he was appointed chancellor? THINKER: Why did democracy fail in Germany?

Failure of The German Weimar Republic

The rise of wwii governments Maintain democracy or establish totalitarianism???

WWII TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS! Adolph Hitler (GR) Benito Mussolini (IT) Josef Stalin (USSR) If these totalitarian regimes were so oppressive, why did people support them?

Review Describe the characteristics and beliefs of communism.

Totalitarian Governments Nazism (Germany) Fascism (Italy)

BELLWORK 4/17 List three problems Italy faced post-WWI. Read 557-558 and answer the following questions about Mussolini’s rise to power: List three problems Italy faced post-WWI. Who was Benito Mussolini? Define fascism. Describe the economic situation in Italy in 1920. Who were the Black shirts? How did they help Mussolini? How did Mussolini come to power in Italy? THINKER: List one similarity and difference between Fascism and Nazism.

Benito Mussolini: Il Duce Oldest of three kids; mother was a Catholic school teacher and father was a socialist & highly involved in politics. Heavily influenced by nationalist sentiment of Giuseppe Garibaldi (even made a speech at the anniversary of his death!) Mussolini was rebellious and was soon expelled after a series of behavior-related incidents, including throwing stones at the congregation after Mass, stabbing a fellow student in the hand and throwing an inkpot at a teacher

Benito Mussolini: Il Duce In 1902, Mussolini moved to Switzerland to avoid military service. Here he became very active in nationalist movements and began to adopt his personal views (violence as a means of politics; and anti-democracy/capitalism) He became active in strikes and was even imprisoned for leading a violent strike in 1903 He was then deported back to Italy where he served in the military until 1909 when he became a teacher

Benito Mussolini: Il Duce A man of contradictions: Religion Military Politics Marriage Became active in the Italian Socialist Party and gained popularity in 1910 by writing his own anti-Italian government newspaper Began to lead riots & protests against the Italian war in Libya By 1911, he was the most well-known socialist in Italy and had 100,000 followers Eventually Mussolini was expelled from the Italian Socialist party due to his opposition to the party's stance on neutrality in WWI. Mussolini later founded the Fascist movement.

Benito Mussolini: Il Duce Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy. After destroying all political opposition through his secret police and outlawed strikes Within five years he established complete control and transformed the nation into a one-party dictatorship Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943 and died two years later.

WORLD WAR II DICTATORS!

Acts of Aggression When each dictator was in power, there were specific acts that showed their aggression toward citizens. Today, we are going to look specifically at each dictator and what they did to show their violence, hostility and anger. As we talk about it, fill in the last column of your graphic organizer that we started last week

Mussolini Act of Aggression: Recreate the Holy Roman Empire. Wanted to restore Italy’s power, influence, and pride by force! People supported Mussolini because he brought order to the nation, solved unemployment and rekindled feelings of patriotism and nationalism. It was the Italians destiny to recapture the greatness and glory of ancient Rome!

BELLWORK 4/18 What do all three totalitarian governments have in common? How is communism different than fascism? How is fascism different than Nazism?

Hitler Enabling Act (1933) Nuremburg Laws: 1935 anti-Semitic laws that classified Jews and deprived them of German citizenship. Breaking the Treaty of Versailles (1936) Kristallnacht: 1938 – one night massacre of Jewish homes, buildings, and synagogues. Formation of ghettos: Areas where minority groups are concentrated.

Kristallnacht

Ghettos

Why did people support Hitler? Most people didn’t know Hitler as a harsh, racist, violent dictator who prohibited individual freedoms So why did so many people support him? These questions will be answered in a short article. As you read, answer the following questions in your notes Be ready to discuss! Summarize how Hitler was able to maintain strict control over Germany. What was the Gestapo? How did the Nazis use fear to stop freedom of speech? Summarize Hitler’s aims/goals as leader of Germany. How was Hitler able to come to power?

Stalin Act of Aggression: Great Purges Persecution, imprisonment, and execution of government officials. You are now going to to read more specifically about the Great Purges. Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. Be ready to discuss!

The Stalin Purges and “Show Trials” How did Stalin attempt to improve the economy? What was the result of this? How did Stalin use his secret police? How did they treat Stalin’s “enemies?” Who was Sergei Kirov? What happened to him? Why? Who did Stalin target in his Purges? (groups, people, professions, etc.) What was Stalin’s reasoning for killing government officials? (Why did he do this?) How did Stalin “simplify” the judicial system? How did Stalin get people to confess? What were the “show trials?” Purpose? Describe some of the crimes Stalin’s “enemies” were charged with. List three effects of Stalin’s Great Purges.