Treatment of Minorities Kitty, Jordan, Hayley

Historical Background What was the existing sentiment towards Jews in Europe prior to the rise of the Nazi regime? Medieval Europe Anti-semitism in Reichstag around 1900s? image: Adolf Stocker (Imperial Court Chaplain 1874-90): leader of the various right-wing anti-Semitic parties Adolf Stocker, Imperial Court Chapain (1874-90)

Social Factors “The Jews are our misfortune.” - Heinrich von Treitschke Outline factors that contributed to anti- Semitism in Germany economic factors: Great Depression (circa 1933) and Jewish roles in German society/economy? social factors: Social Darwinism? Historiography: J. Noakes By 1914, anti-semitism permeated throughout German society from Kaiser down to lower middle class; entrenched in academic community, could influence future generations

Nazi anti-Semitism 1919-33 What was the ‘stab in the back’ myth? “...the personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew” -excerpt from Mein Kampf What was the ‘stab in the back’ myth? How did this theory “justify” people’s hatred towards the Jews? What was Hitler’s personal view of Jews? To what extent did Hitler’s anti-semitic views play a role in Nazi accession of power?

Gradualism 1933-9: Legal discrimination Even in the earlier years, why was the German campaign against the Jews largely unopposed? What is a gradualist approach? How did the one-day boycott of Jewish businesses in April 1933 contribute to the adaptation of this approach? (1935) What were the Nuremberg Laws? Reich Citizenship Law stripped Jews of German citizenship

Gradualism: Propaganda and indoctrination What was the goal of Nazi anti-semitic propaganda? Who played a key role in this racist propaganda? What were methods used to achieve this goal? In what ways were the German youth influenced? “The Eternal Jew”

Gradualism: Terror and violence What role did the SA play in the early years of the regime in attacking Jews? (1934) How did the Night of the Long Knives change the way Jews were treated under the Nazi regime? (March 1938) How was the union with Austria a turning point for the treatment of Jews? Kristallnacht (“Night of Broken Glass”) Vienna attacks Synagogue on fire during Kristallnacht

Gradualism: Force emigration What countries did the Jews emigrate to? What did the Central Office for Jewish Emigration (est. 1938) do? Successes? Adolf Eichmann

War and Genocide 1939-45 How did the war affect the movement of the Jewish people in Europe? What did the Nazis create to “resettle” the Jews? What events changed the Nazis control over the Jews in different countries? How did these events change the Nazis action toward Jews? What is the SS Einstazgruppen? What is the Final Solution? When and why did it start? How did the concentration camps work? 1943, “He is guilty for the war”

Gypsies Context: who were the gypsies? how did they get to Germany? Why were Gypsies viewed as outsiders? how did these aspects of Gypsy life make them “inferior”? How did the government and important leaders contribute to racism against gypsies? How were gypsies captured?

Jehovah’s Witness Why were they targeted? How did the Nazi Government target the Jehovah’s Witnesses? How did the Jehovah’s Witnesses retaliate? what actions did the Nazi’s take against the retaliations? What was life in camp for them like? “Helene Gotthold, a Jehovah's Witness, was beheaded for her religious beliefs on December 8, 1944, in Berlin. She is pictured with her children. Germany, June 25, 1936.”

1:28-2:08

Other non-Jewish victims Who else was negatively affected by the Nazi regime? How was each group specifically ridiculed? Why was each group targeted?

Key Debate: Historiography Essential Question: “ Why did the Holocaust happen and who was responsible?” Intentionalist vs. Structuralist Schools of Thought What are limitations of each school's of thought? Wannsee Conference (1942): villa owned by SS at the Berlin lakeside suburb of Wannsee

Conclusion and Recap Methods used to persecute the Jews: social discrimination: propaganda (i.e. literature, film, radio): legal discrimination: Nuremberg Laws Terror and violence (i.e. Kristallnacht, Vienna attacks) Forced emigration: Central Office of Jewish Emigration Extermination camps: mass shootings, gas chambers What were successes, failures and results of Nazi anti-Semitism? To what extent did Hitler adhere to his ideology? Compare and contrast treatment of minorities under Stalin and Hitler: Who were the targets? Methods? Racial ideology?

Bibliography http://www.stop-homophobia.com/gayholocaust.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-04-28,_Heilanstalt_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn,_Kinder.jpg http://holocaustrealorahoax.weebly.com/successesfailuresand-consequences.html https://ivarfjeld.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/yeshiva-slide7.jpg http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007689 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005394 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?ModuleId=10005395&MediaId=797 http://www.mosaisk.com/auschwitz/Adolf-Hitler-about-the-Jews.php http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/kristallnacht/baden.asp http://www.vhscollector.com/movie/eternal-jew https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/NonJewishVictims.html https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/gypibm.html http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/ru/holocaust/about/chapter_1/images/non_jews_persecution/03.j pg http://www.ushmm.org/propaganda/archive/poster-guilty-war/ http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html