The Civil War Begins 1861–1862

Chapter 16: The Civil War Begins, 1861–1862 Essential Question What events, leaders, and strategies shaped the early years of war? Why It Matters Now The Civil War deepened sectional divisions and created long-lasting hostility between North and South.

The Civil War Begins, 1861–1862 After more Southern states joined the Confederacy, fighting began on Confederate territory. Both the Union and the Confederacy won important victories in the first years of the war.

War Erupts Key Ideas Before, you learned Southern states seceded from the Union after the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Now you will learn After more Southern states joined the Confederacy, fighting began on Confederate territory.

War Erupts TERMS AND NAMES Fort Sumter — Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina Confederacy — nation formed by Southern states Robert E. Lee — Confederate general, commander of the Army of Northern Virginia border states — slave states that bordered states in which slavery was illegal Anaconda Plan — Union strategy to defeat the Confederacy First Battle of Bull Run — first major battle of the Civil War Thomas J. Jackson — Confederate general at Bull Run

First Shots at Fort Sumter Key Question What did Lincoln do about the forts in Confederate territory? THINK ABOUT Lincoln sent supply ships to Fort Sumter, did not give in to Confederacy why did Lincoln call for a 90-day militia to put down the uprising? What is an uprising? Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas joined Confederacy

Preparing For Battle Key Question What strategy did each side hope to pursue? THINK ABOUT how was rich and populous Virginia important to the Confederacy? What does populous mean? South: defend and drag out war; hope for foreign aid; few invasions North: blockade ports; take Mississippi, split South; capture Richmond

First Battle of Bull Run Key Question Why was the Union surprised by the outcome of Bull Run? THINK ABOUT spectators joined Union forces going to Manassas, expected easy victory Confederates won; 2,700 Union and 2,000 Confederate soldiers died Lincoln called for volunteer army of 500,000 for three years

Life in the Army Key Ideas Before, you learned The Civil War began on Confederate territory. Now you will learn Army life and new technology brought unexpected hardships to millions of soldiers.

Life in the Army TERMS AND NAMES the Monitor — Union ironclad ship the Merrimack — Confederate ironclad ship, later renamed the Virginia

Civilians Become Soldiers Key Question Why did so many volunteer to fight? THINK ABOUT why did African Americans enlist in the Union army? What does enlist mean? some volunteered from loyalty; some sought excitement, glory some wanted to escape factory, farm; some needed money

A New Kind of War Key Question How was the Civil War different from previous conflicts? THINK ABOUT rifles with minié balls, grenades increased casualties mounted charges and assaults ineffective; trench warfare developed railroads moved soldiers and supplies quickly

No End in Sight Key Ideas Before, you learned The Union defeat at the Battle of Bull Run shocked the North. Now you will learn Both the Union and the Confederacy won important victories in the first years of the war.

No End in Sight TERMS AND NAMES George McClellan — commander of Union army in the east Ulysses S. Grant — Union general who won battles in the west Battle of Shiloh — bloody battle in Tennessee won by Grant William Tecumseh Sherman — Union general at Battle of Shiloh David Farragut — Union naval commander who captured New Orleans Seven Days’ Battles — Confederate victory in Virginia, during which Lee stopped Union campaign against Richmond Battle of Antietam — battle in Maryland that ended Lee’s first invasion of the North

Union Victories in the West Key Question In 1862, how close did the Union come to achieving its goals? THINK ABOUT 1861, McClellan trained Union army in East, but did not attack Richmond 1862, Grant took control of Tennessee and Cumberland rivers Union victory at Shiloh left staggering casualties on both sides

Southern Success in the East Key Question In 1862, how close did the South come to victory? THINK ABOUT Seven Days’ Battles force Northern army to retreat from Richmond Confederates won second battle at Bull Run, regained confidence Lee invaded Maryland—hoped to pressure North, relieve South, win allies