The Civil War Begins, 1861–1862 The Civil War begins and develops into a stalemate during the first two years. Both Union and Confederate soldiers suffer many hardships. Portrait of Abraham Lincoln taken around the time he wrote the Gettysburg Address (1863). NEXT

The Civil War Begins, 1861–1862 SECTION 1 War Erupts SECTION 2 Life in the Army SECTION 3 No End in Sight NEXT

Section 1 War Erupts The secession of the Southern states quickly lead to armed conflict between the North and the South. NEXT

War Erupts First Shots at Fort Sumter 1 SECTION War Erupts First Shots at Fort Sumter • Southern states take over most federal forts within their borders • Federal troops hold Fort Sumter, harbor of Charleston, South Carolina • Abraham Lincoln decides to send supply ships to Fort Sumter • Confederates attack fort before supplies arrive, start Civil War Image • U.S. troops defend fort for 34 hours, then surrender NEXT

Lincoln Calls Out the Militia 1 SECTION Lincoln Calls Out the Militia • President Lincoln asks states for militiamen to put down uprising • In the upper South, state leaders refuse request • Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas join Confederacy • Volunteers rush to enlist in both North and South • Confederate capital is moved to Richmond, Virginia (May, 1861) • Robert E. Lee becomes commanding general of Northern Virginia Image NEXT

1 SECTION Choosing Sides • Border states—slave states that border states in which slavery illegal • Include Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri • Maryland stays in Union, keeps Washington D.C. within the Union • Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware stay in Union • Western counties, Virginia break away, form Union state, West Virginia • 24 states make up the Union, 11 states join the Confederacy NEXT

Strengths and Weaknesses 1 SECTION Strengths and Weaknesses • North has 22 million people, South has 9 million people • 85 percent of nation’s factories located in the North Map • North has more railroad mileage, all the naval power, shipyards • Union has great leader, President Abraham Lincoln Continued . . . NEXT

• Confederacy has able generals 1 SECTION Continued Strengths and Weaknesses • Confederacy has able generals • Union supply lines will have to stretch far to invade the South • Confederates defending homes, have more will to fight than invaders NEXT

The Confederate Strategy 1 SECTION The Confederate Strategy • Confederacy takes defensive position, does not want to conquer North • Uses King Cotton to win foreign support, withholds cotton exports • Hopes to force Britain, France to aid the Confederates • Europeans have cotton surplus, don’t want to get involved • South becomes offensive, tries for big victories to demoralize North NEXT

The Union Strategy 1 • North develops offensive strategy SECTION The Union Strategy • North develops offensive strategy • General Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan—smother the South’s economy • Use naval blockade of South’s coastline • Blockade— armed forces stop goods, people into or out of an area • Gain control of the Mississippi River, split Confederacy in two • Scott’s plan takes time, Lincoln decides to invade Virginia (1861) NEXT

1 SECTION Battle of Bull Run • Confederates defeat Union troops at First Battle of Bull Run (1861) Image • Victory thrills South, North has underestimated their opponent • Lincoln sends militia home, calls for real army of 500,000 volunteers NEXT

Life in the Army Section 2 Both Union and Confederate soldiers endure many hardships serving in the army during the Civil War. NEXT

Life in the Army Those Who Fought 2 SECTION Life in the Army Those Who Fought • Most Civil War soldiers are between 18 and 30 years of age Image • Most soldiers are farmers, majority are born in U.S. • Some immigrants serve, most are from Germany, Ireland • African Americans want to fight, not accepted in North, South armies • Later, North accepts African Americans into its ranks Continued . . . NEXT

• Most Civil War soldiers are volunteers, they volunteer to: 2 SECTION Continued Those Who Fought • Most Civil War soldiers are volunteers, they volunteer to: - escape boredom of factory, farm work - join friends, neighbors - seek adventure, glory - get recruitment money - show loyalty to country, state NEXT

Turning Civilians into Soldiers 2 SECTION Turning Civilians into Soldiers • After enlisting, a soldier is sent to training camp, usually lives in tent Image • Follows training schedule, gets uniform, clothing often poor quality • At camp, soldiers get plenty of food; in the field, get limited food NEXT

2 SECTION Hardships of Army Life • Civil War soldiers in field, often wet, cold, live in crude shelters Image • Camps are unsanitary, soldiers often go for weeks without bathing • Results in poor hygiene—conditions, practices that promote health Image • Causes widespread sicknesses NEXT

Changes in Military Technology 2 SECTION Changes in Military Technology • Weapons improve, results in: - higher casualty rate - battle tactics change • Use rifles—guns with grooved barrel, cause bullets to spin • Minié ball—bullet with hollow base • Rifles using minié balls shoot farther, more accurately than muskets Continued . . . NEXT

• Ironclads—warships covered with iron, better than wooden warships 2 SECTION Continued Changes in Military Technology • Ironclads—warships covered with iron, better than wooden warships • First ironclad battle off coast of Virginia (1862) includes: - Confederate Virginia (Merrimack) - Union Monitor Image • After about four hours, battle ends in a draw NEXT

Section 3 No End in Sight In the first two years of the war, neither side gains a decisive victory over the other. NEXT

No End in Sight Union Victories in the West 3 SECTION No End in Sight Union Victories in the West • Ulysses S. Grant, Union general in the West Image • Grant’s forces capture two Confederate river forts in Tennessee • Residents of Nashville flee, Union troops march into Nashville (1862) NEXT

3 SECTION The Battle of Shiloh • Union army fights Confederate army at Battle of Shiloh (1862) Interactive • Union troops are lead by Ulysses S. Grant • Confederate commanding general Albert S. Johnston is killed • Fresh Union troops arrive, South retreats • 13,000 Union soldiers are killed, 11,000 Confederates are killed NEXT

3 SECTION The Fall of New Orleans • Admiral David Farragut, Union fleet capture New Orleans • Union controls most of the Mississippi River • Confederates control stretch of river near their fort at Vicksburg NEXT

Lee Claims Victories in the East 3 SECTION Lee Claims Victories in the East • General George McClellan, Union troops attempt to capture Richmond • Confederate Jeb Stuart, cavalry (soldiers on horseback) spy McClellan Image • Report size of Union army, Robert E. Lee’s army attacks Union army • Both sides clash for a week • Confederates defeat Union army at Seven Days’ Battles (1862) • Lee ends the Union threat in Virginia NEXT

3 SECTION Lee Invades the North • General Lee, troops invade Maryland (September 1862) • Several reasons for taking war to the North: - hopes victory in North will force President Lincoln to talk peace - gives Virginia farmers a rest from war during harvest - Confederates could plunder Northern farmers for food - hopes invasion will convince Britain, France to aid Confederacy NEXT

3 SECTION Bloody Antietam • General McClellan’s army fights Lee’s army, Battle of Antietam (1862) Image • After 1 day, neither side gains ground, 25,000 men are killed, wounded • Lee’s crippled army retreats into Virginia, McClellan fails to pursue • President Lincoln fires McClellan NEXT

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