Transformation of Surgery c.1845 - 1918 Role of Science and Technology

Science and Technology Getting you thinking… What is the difference between science and technology? What are the links between the two? Think, pair, share…

Learning Objectives To understand how science and technology have impacted on the development of surgery To explain how the factors of war, science, technology and individual people interact to develop surgery. To evaluate which factor had the most important impact on the development of surgery.

Definitions Science: Practical and theoretical exploration of how the universe is structured and functions. Technology: The implementation of ideas to aid the development of human life. Which came first?

Science and Technology You have been given a cut and stick activity where you need to identify which developments are from science and which are due to technology. Science Technology

Science Technology Improved the understanding of anatomy. This helped surgeons and allowed them to do more complex operations. X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. Within 10 years X-ray machines were installed at many hospitals. Experiments were undertaken to find the most effective anaesthetic. Equipment was developed to deliver anaesthetics and help measure the dose. Pasteur’s Germ Theory helped people understand how microbes caused the spread on infection. Carbolic Spray, steam sterilised instruments and sterilised catgut (for stitches) helped reduce infection. Knowledge of chemistry helped to develop techniques for storing blood to use in transfusions The invention of the hypodermic needle in 1853 made it possible to measure an injection of a drug or the withdrawal of blood.

Building on your explanation Although these sentences begin to explain why science and technology aid the development of surgery, they can be further explained. TASK 1: Look back at your table. Select one example from each column, then expand on its explanation. For example: Experiments were undertaken to find the most effective anaesthetic. This meant that patients would be less likely to die from shock and increased their chances of survival. TASK 2: Explain the link between two events, one from science, one from technology.

X Rays: Science or Technology How could X-Rays be seen as both science and technology? How could X-Rays aid the further development of scientific knowledge.

Learning Objectives To understand how science and technology have impacted on the development of surgery To explain how the factors of war, science, technology and individual people interact to develop surgery. To evaluate which factor had the most important impact on the development of medicine.

The role of individuals During this paper you have learnt about a number of individuals who have been responsible for developments in medicine. TASK: Under the heading ‘The Role of Individuals’ list as many people you can think of that have aided the development of surgery.

Match the person to their contribution. Individual Contribution Ignaz Semmelweis Their use of chloroform in childbirth led to an increase in its popularity. Hannah Greener His persistent desire to reduce the spread of infection led to different techniques to kill bacteria. Louis Pasteur The death of his friend led to his ideas about the spread of infection. Kate Dickens and Queen Victoria The discovery of different blood groups meant that blood transfusions were now possible. Joseph Lister Through work on discovering what made beer go bad, he realised that micro-organisms led to disease. Karl Landsteiner His experimenting with the of the use of chloroform meant that it was used as an anaesthetic. James Simpson Her death raised awareness about chloroform.

Role of War in the Development of Surgery Recap: How does war lead to developments in surgery? WAR

Interaction of Factors Homework: Complete your own diagram to show how different factors led to Development of anaesthetics Development of successful blood transfusions Development of technology to develop the pump for Lister’s carbolic spray The effect of carbolic acid for deodorising sewerage works was already known The development of antiseptics Pasteur’s Germ Theory enabled people to accept Lister’s ideas Lister tested carbolic acid and recorded and published the results

Learning Objectives To understand how science and technology have impacted on the development of surgery To explain how the factors of war, science, technology and individual people interact to develop surgery. To evaluate which factor had the most important impact on the development of medicine.

FILMED DEBATE: Which factor had the biggest impact on the development of surgery? WAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY INDIVIDUALS CHAIR/CAMERA In your learning partners (x4) you each need to take one of the roles above. This will be your focus in the debate.

Tasks You will have 20 minutes to collect and prepare material for the debate. If you are arguing a factor you need to consider what factual information there is and how you are going to explain its importance. EXT Can you think of arguments to undermine the other people? The Chair needs to decide on a set of rules and regulations. How will the debate be run? Will it be timed? Will people make presentations? Will you be allowed to interrupt? Where will it be filmed?