Migration and Empire Revision 10 facts

10 reasons for Internal Migration The decline of rural industry- e.g. kelp The Highland Clearances Railways bring products to country. New farm machinery e.g. steam plough Low rural wages and long hours. Social life in cities; theatre, music, cinema Foreign competition: e.g. Canadian grain. Rural poverty, e.g. earth floored houses, no sanitation. Decline of fishing industry (1917). (Highlands) help to leave from govt/landlords.

10 reasons for Internal Migration 2 mins to write as many as you can!

10 opportunities that attracted Scots to other countries; Positions in Empire: doctors, army, civil service. Cheap land in Canada. Free or cheap passage for, e.g. single women. Better pay and conditions for e.g. domestic servants. Demand for skilled workers; weavers, farmers, masons. Sheep farming- Aus and NZ Govt and colonial schemes to attract emigrants, e.g. agents Opportuntities in British East India Company. English language helps emigrants to adjust. The establishment of Scottish communities; Otago, Dunedin, Nova Scotia, attract more emigrants.

10 opportunities that attracted Scots to other countries; 2 minutes to write them down!

10 factors that forced Scots to leave. Highland Clearances. Land improvements (lowlands) Rural poverty. Decline of fishing industry (post 1917). Poor rural housing. Long hours/low wages for rural workers. Railways put local artisans out of work. Machinery replaces workers on farms. Industrial slumps- put workers out of work. Sporting estates.

10 factors that forced Scots to leave. 2 minutes to write them down!

10 social and economic conditions faced by immigrants; Irish had to move into overcrowded areas, e.g. the Gorbals or Lochee. The Irish were forced to take unskilled, low paid jobs. Irish Catholics were initially refused education from Scots’ schools. Irish often worked as seasonal labourers, returning home to Ireland in winter. Irish Catholics stuck together for security. Irish protestants were more welcome and more skilled/educated. Irish brought sectarian disputes with them to Scotland. Italians started in poverty and took jobs as . Italians settled in into the food industry; chippies, ice cream parlours. Lithuanians were involved in mining in the coal fields.

10 social and economic conditions faced by immigrants; 2 minutes to write them down!

10 things about relations between native Scots and immigrants; Irish Catholics experienced hostility for religious reasons. Irish and Lithuanians experienced hostility for undercutting wages. Initially Irish and Scots did not mix well. Irish etc faced prejudice, e.g. “filthy”. Lithuanians seen as strike breakers. Anti-Semitism towards European Jews- Jews not liked for running “sweatshops”. At times of hardship, immigrants blamed for problems, e.g. unemployment. Irish Protestants much more welcome. Intermarriages helped immigrants fit in. WWI helped many fit in with their neighbours- some Lithuanians chose to return and fight for Russia.

10 things about relations between native Scots and immigrants; 2 minutes- write them down!

10 things about assimilation; Football clubs; Dundee Utd, Celtic (the greatest) and Hibs helped people fit in. Taking part in Trade Unions helped bond communities. Working together also helped people get along. WWI helped prove immigrants could be loyal to the country. Education Act, set up Catholic Schools- help or hinder assimilation? Italian cafes became integral parts of communities. Jews often did well through hard work, gaining professional jobs, e.g. lawyers. Protestant Irish fit in quicker than their Catholic neighbours. Industries welcomed immigrants- cheap labour! Intermarriage was a powerful force for assimilation.

10 things about assimilation; 2 minutes- write them down! How exciting this is!

10 things about the economic impact of Scots on the Empire; Scots were integral in the British East India company. Scots were administrators in India, e.g. Governor Generals. Scots invested in infrastructure, in India. Scots were key traders in e.g. Sydney. Scots introduced merino wool sheep to Aus. Scots helped develop weaving and farming in Canada. Scots engineers took skills abroad into the Empire, e.g. building or maintaining ships or locomotives. Scots in the army helped police the Empire. Educated Scots worked as shipping clerks etc Scots built communities in Otago, Nova Scotia etc etc and built communities with a strong Protestant work ethic.

10 things about the economic impact of Scots on the Empire; 2 minutes to write ten things Go! Pay attention Emma.

10 things about Scots and the religious and cultural development of Empire; Scots built communities; Otago, NZ. Scots preserved their traditions; Burns Night, Highland Games etc. Scots took the Protestant religion with them and imposed it on the population, or preserved it. Scots missionaries went all over the world, see India esp. Scots took the Gaelic language and preserved it in e.g. Nova Scotia. Scots more readily mixed with natives and took native wives in e.g. India. Scots subdued and manipulated local princes, as a part of the British army. Scots helped subdue or wipe out native populations, weakening native cultures- see Maoris in NZ. Scots took musical traditions and culture with them. Scots set up Protestant churches wherever they went.

10 things about Scots and the religious and cultural development of Empire; 10 things in 2 minutes- go for it!

10 ways Scots impacted on Native Societies. Scots and Europeans took disease to native societies, wiping out many. Scots in the army contributed to the weakening and destruction of the Maoris, NZ (see treaty of Waitangi). Scots as Governor Generals and army soldiers divided and conquered India. Scots helped clear Canadian land for farming, further reducing Native land. Scots contributed to the domination of Aborigines in Australia. Livingstone opened up the interior of Africa- helped to end the slave trade there. Europeans, including Scots harmed native societies by seizing resources. By developing trade and industry, Scots helped end the more primitive cultures of many natives. Scots often imposed the Protestant Religion on natives. Missionaries helped educate and help many poor natives, in e.g. India. Scots explored and opened up the interiors of many places, opening up trade with natives, but also contributing to their downfall.

10 ways Scots impacted on Native Societies. Write 10 things in 2 minutes. You know what to do… Kyle, face the front please.

Social and cultural impact of immigrants in Scotland; Irish brought Catholicism back- sectarianism Catholic schools are separate under the law. Italians changed food culture, with cafes. Jews built synagogues. Immigrants intermarried into Scottish society. Long standing cultural links with, e.g. Italy. Jewish people aspirational and worked in professions, one example is the family of the actress Miriam Margoyles. Protestants fit in and stiffened Protestantism in Scotland. Irish Catholics brought Republicanism to Scotland. West of Scotland particularly influenced, with Italian style, cafes, Irish bars. Irish/Scots music. E.g. Celtic Connections festival.

Social and cultural impact of immigrants in Scotland; 2minutes and 10 thingys- you know what to do…

10 economic contributions immigrants made Irish built infrastructure; railways and canals. Irish opened shops and bars. Irish workers built up mining and heavy industry. Irish worked seasonally, on farms. Protestant Irish got skilled jobs, e.g. in Govan ship yards. Italians built up businesses; cafes etc. Jewish people built up businesses, e.g. Goldbergs. Jewish contribution in the law etc. Irish in Jute industry. Lithuanians esp. in coal mining.

10 economic contributions immigrants made 2 minutes to write 10 things… go!

Importance of Empire to Scotland’s development. Made Scotland a world nation- Glasgow 2nd city of Empire. Urbanised Scotland- population moved to towns and cities. Developed heavy industry due to demand. Developed shipbuilding on Clyde. Developed global trade; Jute industry in Dundee is a good example. Caused a lack of internal investment- investors invested abroad. Developed skilled professionals; engineers, civil servants, army officers. Developed a low wage economy for many workers- legacy of poverty and ill health in West of Scotland. Depopulated the countryside- better opportunities in town factories. Developed mining as demand grew for coal (this has died out, post 1945). Other examples; Paisley pattern, from India, cultural changes, an over reliance on heavy industry (shipbuilding and heavy engineering have moved to far east).

Importance of Empire to Scotland’s development. 10 things in 2 minutes

The challenge of globalisation Learn the lessons of History; How could we deal with the globalised world better? How should we deal with immigrants? Do immigrants improve our society? How does our industrial decline affect us? What can we do now to improve prosperity for Scotland? India and the far east have now become the centre of manufacturing (making things)- can we compete with these low wage economies ever again?