Software of Information Systems Hun Myoung Park, Ph.D., Public Management and Policy Analysis Program Graduate School of International Relations International University of Japan

Outline Computer Software System Software Operating Systems Application Software Software License Open Source Software Software Selection

Computer Software Tell computer hardware to do what you want. 3 Computer Software Tell computer hardware to do what you want. Computer programs that instruct computer hardware to perform designated tasks. A well organized set of instructions written in computer languages to achieve particular goals and then complied by a translator Systems software and application software

5 System Software

System Software To control computer systems 6 System Software To control computer systems Bridge between hardware and application software Not to perform specific tasks you want to do Consists of operating systems, utility programs, and language translators

7 Operating Systems Kernel User interface

Operating Systems 2 Server Parallel CPU, virtualization 8 Operating Systems 2 Server Parallel CPU, virtualization BIOS, bootstrap routine Diagnostic routine JCL (Job control language)

Kernel 1 Kernel performs core functions Control hardware and access 9 Kernel 1 Kernel performs core functions Control hardware and access Manage memory Manage data (files) Manage network Manage I/O devices

Kernel 2 Manage programs: Multitasking (single user system) 10 Kernel 2 Manage programs: Multitasking (single user system) Multithreading (multiple threads of a program) Multiprogrammings (multi-user system) Mutiprocessing: Use multiple processors Parallel processing: a process/task uses more than one processor

Morley & Parker (2010: 198)

User Interface 1 Interacts between users and OS (kernel) 12 User Interface 1 Interacts between users and OS (kernel) Often integrated into OS Command line (text based) versus desktop environment Graphical user interface (GUI) Touch user interface (mobile devices)

User Interface 2 Xerox PARC Alto (Xerox Star) Apple Lisa and Mac 13 User Interface 2 Xerox PARC Alto (Xerox Star) Apple Lisa and Mac KDE (1996), desktop environment GNOME (1999), GNU (GNU’s Not Unix) Network object model environment Mac OS (1984) X Window System (1984) by MIT Microsoft Windows (1985), version 3.1 in 1992

Development of OS 1 UNIX (1969) by AT&T Apple DOS (1978) CP/M (1980) 14 Development of OS 1 UNIX (1969) by AT&T Apple DOS (1978) CP/M (1980) PC-DOS by IBM (1981), Microsoft DOS (1981) Netware (1983) by Novell Mac OS (1984) Microsoft Windows (1985) 3.x/95/98 OS/2 (Warp) by IBM since 1987

Development of OS 2 NEXTSTEP (1989) SunOS/Solaris (1992) 15 Development of OS 2 NEXTSTEP (1989) SunOS/Solaris (1992) GNU/Linux (1992) Microsoft NT/2000/XP/Vista/7/8 Embedded and mobile editions (e.g., Blackberry OS, iOS, embedded Linux, or Window mobile or Window phone)

Utilities Backup/recovery utilities Compression utilities 16 Utilities Backup/recovery utilities Compression utilities Diagnostic program Security/Spam-filtering utilities Drivers

Language Translators Assembler for assembly language Compiler (batch) 17 Language Translators Assembler for assembly language Compiler (batch) Interpreter (interactive)

18 Middleware Software layer between operating system and application software (Wiki) Connect software components and applications CGI (Common Gateway Interface) API (Application Program Interface)

19 Application Software

Application Software 1 Perform specific tasks 20 Application Software 1 Perform specific tasks Do actually what you want Match between operating systems and application software (e.g., platform and word size matter) For example, a 32bit application software does not work perfectly in a 64bit operating system)

21 Application Software 2 Wordprocessor: WordPerfect, Microsoft Word, LibreOffice (StarOffice) Spreadsheet: VisiCalc, Lotus 1-2-3, Microsoft Excel, Quattro, Quattro Pro Database: dBase III+, FoxBase, FoxPro, Microsoft Access, DBII, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, MySql

22 Application Software 3 Presentation: Powerpoint, Presentations, Impress, … Statistics and mathematics: SAS, Stata, SPSS Graphics: Adobe Photoshop, illustrator Desktop publishing: Corel Ventura, Adobe Pagemaker, QuakXpress, Adobe InDesign

Application Software 4 Geographic information system (GIS) 23 Application Software 4 Geographic information system (GIS) Video, audio, gaming, … Groupware: Lotus (IBM) Notes Project management Financial management Personal information manager

24 Types of Software Off the shelf (ready made), in-house (house made), customized software (contractor) Proprietary versus open source software Web-based (Web suite), mobile software (software as a service)

Software Suite Microsoft Office Corel WordPerfect Office 25 Software Suite Microsoft Office Corel WordPerfect Office Lotus symphony Oracle OpenOffice (StarOffice), LibreOffice Adobe Creative Suite Apple iWork Hancom Office

Software Suite Microsoft Office Corel WordPerfect Office OpenOffice/ LibreOffice Hancom Office Wordprocessor Word WordPerfect Writer Hangeul Spreadsheet Excel Quattro Pro Calc HanCell Presentation PowerPoint Presentations Impress HanShow Database Access Paradox Base Web (Frontpage) Graphics/DTP Publisher (Ventura) Draw

27 Software License 1 A “legal instrument (contract) governing the use or distribution of software” (Wiki) “When people purchase software, they don’t actually own the software” (p.167) They just get official permission to use and distribute software.

Software License 2 Fixed time versus perpetual license 28 Software License 2 Fixed time versus perpetual license Single versus multiple users license Stand-alone versus network license Site license (anyone on the particular site) Concurrent use license limits the number of users who can use the software at the same time. Managed by a license server

Software License 3 Proprietary (commercial) license Free license 29 Software License 3 Proprietary (commercial) license Free license Shareware (fee to get better service), Public domain license (donated to public domain) Open source license (copyleft)

Software License 4

Open Source Software 1 Source codes are open to the public (users) 31 Open Source Software 1 Source codes are open to the public (users) Non-proprietary software, GNU general public license (GPL), BSD and MIT licenses Free software foundation in 1985 Open source initiative in 1998 by Eric S. Raymond

Open Source Software 2 Source codes are open but copyrighted 32 Open Source Software 2 Source codes are open but copyrighted Thus, often called “Copyleft” Free copy, modification, distribution in general Oftentimes, not free to use commercially (e.g., MySql) despite free download and installation. Linux, Apache, Firefox, OpenOffice, etc.

Lessons Software dominance System software for server 33 Lessons Software dominance System software for server Open source movement (Linux, Apache, Firefox, etc.) and anti-monopoly Intellectual property right: good or bad Samaritans? Lock-in effect and education

References Stair and Reynolds. 2016. Principles of information systems, 12th ed. Cengage Learning. Stair and Reynolds. 2012. Information systems, 10th ed. Cengage Learning. Morley and Parker. 2015. Understanding computers, 15th ed. Cengage Learning. Hutchinson and Sawyer. 2000. Computers, Communications, and Information, 7th ed. Irwin/McGraw-Hill