Skills Checklist

The skills needed for this paper need not be taught in isolation but should be embedded in the 4 taught modules where appropriate

Basic Skills Annotation of illustrated material (Label must be clear, line must touch the feature accurately)

Other annotations such as maps, diagrams, graphs, sketches and images

Use of overlays You did this at Cranedale when using the GIS software Google Maps

Comment on differences between the 2 images (5 marks)

Literacy Skills Adjectives to describe Understanding command words Sentence/paragraph structure Specific terminology

Investigative Skills This is the bulk of what you did at Cranedale Identification of aims, questions and issues and effective approaches to enquiry What was the aim of your river study? Hypothesis formulation….

Directional: The river will get wider with distance downstream Non directional: The river width will change with distance downstream Null There will be no change to river width with distance downstream You are aiming to collect evidence in order to reject the null hypothesis

Purpose = Aims, hypothesis and linked to theory e.g. Bradshaw

Enquiry process What are you aiming to do? What does theory suggest? Hypothesis Evaluate Plan Conclude Analyse Gather results Methodology

Collection of qualitative and quantitative evidence Qualitative = Words Quantitative = Numbers Describing the relief Likert Scale Velocity mean speed Adv and Disadvantages?

Sampling Random Systematic Opportunity Stratified

Sampling Random

Sampling Systematic Stratified

Sampling Opportunity

Sampling Random Stratified

Primary and Secondary data Primary – Fieldwork Secondary? Journals Other students work Textbooks Maps Census

Go over your work from Cranedale and remind yourself of the techniques used in your rivers study

Draw an annotated sketch map of the study area (5 marks)

Fieldwork You need to be able to describe techniques, justify their use, understand their limitations Velocity meter Width Depth Bankfull Pebble size Water clarity This should be what you DID not what you COULD DO. Spend 5 minutes reminding yourself about each technique

Processing, presenting (see later slides), analysis (see later slides) You may be asked about what you did with the data You may be asked about your choice of presentation techniques or how to actual do those techniques or indeed, the limitations of some of them You may be asked about your analysis and what you found out

For example, “We used proportional divided circles to represent our river load data. We first calculated the estimated volume (length x breadth x depth) of each piece of river material and then took an average of the ten sediments. This gave us an average volume. We then used a simple formula where radius is equal to the square root of the area divided by π (pi). For area we used the volume of the pebble measured in cm3 . This gave us a proportional radius which, using a compass then gave us a proportional circle for location. We then used an overlay to display this data on a sketch map of the area.”

Drawing conclusions and understanding the validity of conclusions Reliability = Are the results going to be the same every time Validity = Are you actually measuring what you are claiming? What factors might damage the validity of a study?

Bias – Only asking a survey of young attractive women to get a view of opinions Data recorded inaccurately – Using black gloves on a water visibility tube

Evaluation, including further research opportunities What went well? What difficulties did you have? Any issues of reliability? Issues of accuracy of data? Issues of validity? What about further opportunities for study?

Further opportunities? Go back and get more samples to verify your data Compare an another local river New ideas based on unexpected findings

Risk Assessment and minimising risk (6 marker below)

Cartographic Skills Atlas maps Heckmondwike = Latitude: 53°42′ N Longitude: 1°40′ W

Latitude is commonly the first number expressed in a lat/long coordinate and is often expressed in the form of degrees, minutes, and seconds, for instance: N38°47'30“ Each degree has 60 minutes and each minute has 60 seconds. Seconds can be divided further for more accuracy (e.g. a Sat Nav)

Physical, Human, Themed

Base Maps

Sketch Maps

OS Maps 1:25,000 1:50,000

Scale, Contours and relief, symbols, direction

Maps with proportional symbols

Bars

Squares Key Data for x location – add this to the map

Maps showing movement (e.g. flow lines) Desire Lines = Direct from point to point Flow Lines – Takes into account routes

Flow Line

Trip Lines Shows regular trips (e.g. commuting)

Choropleth Shaded dark/light to show density of chosen criteria (Darkest – highest) Material must be grouped. How would you classify? Choropleth

Isoline Isoline Points of same value are joined Need to decide on scale e.g. every 5 degrees Can shade in-between Isoline

Generic – Isoline Temperature = Isobar Rainfall = Isohyet Pressure = Travel Time = Isochrone Height = Contours

Dot Decide on scale, every dot represents when a certain threhold is met E.g. Populations of 150,000

Graphical Skills Line graphs (Simple)

Compound The segments all add up

Comparitive Several lines but all separate

Divergent

Simple Compound Divergent Graph Type AQA Simple Comparative Compound Divergent Also Called: Bar Charts Stacked Population Pyramids Bi-Polar graphs Watch out for One axis has values, the other categories Can be located Keep simple, Up to four categories – more than 5 use separate graph [3 = triangular?] Often adds up to 100% but can be proportional. Largest value at the top of the stack, no more than 5 divisions] May be either actual values or percentages. Two sets of data Looks Like Bar chart

What kind of graph is this?

Scattergraphs

Pie Charts

Triangular Graph

Radar Graphs (Radial Diagrams)

Logarithmic Scales The main reason to use logarithmic scales in charts and graphs is to respond to skewness towards large values; i.e., cases in which one or a few points are much larger than the bulk of the data.

Dispersion Diagrams

ICT skills Remotely sensed data

Use of databases including census, environment agency and met office. This just means that you are able to understand how data is arranged in columns and tables e.g. Excel spreadsheet

Use of GIS (AEGIS) used at Cranedale https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLiohFoWmos Remind yourself about how it works, practical uses and the limitations

Presenting data using ICT

Statistics Mean Median Mode (measures of central tendency) 3,4,5,5,5,6,7,8,12,15 Mean = 7 Median = 5.5 Mode = 5

Dispersion – Standard Deviation and interquartile range

We know that the median divides the data into two halves We know that the median divides the data into two halves. Similarly, the lower quartile divides the bottom half of the data into two halves, and the upper quartile also divides the upper half of the data into two halves.

Spearman’s Rank Spearman's Rank correlation coefficient is a technique which can be used to summarise the strength and direction (negative or positive) of a relationship between two variables

Significance Levels What would these S scores mean? Sample size 10, S score of 0.65 Sample Size 20, S score of 0.7