The origin of petroleum

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The origin of petroleum חשיבות כלכלית – 84-88 מיליון חביות נפט ליום ועוד גז.. Zvi Gvirtzman The Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel

The petroleum system מערכת היווצרות מאגרי נפט מבחינה גאולוגית-מכנית. אנו נתמקד בשלב הראשוני ביותר – מקור הפחמימנים.

Research question Whether petroleum is formed by abiogenic processes that occur deep within the Earth, or from sedimentary organic matter that was once living organisms? מהו מקור הפחמימנים? הדעה הרווחת היא שהם יצורים חיים שמתו ונקברו בסביבה אנאירובית בתוך הסדימנט-סלע. אפשרות אחרת היא שמקורם בתהליכים אי אורגנים במעמקי הכרום או המעטפת שנודדים כלפי מעלה בלחץ או בזיקוק יחד עם תהליכים וולקניים ועוד הסברים נוספים רבים. בשאלה זו עסקו כבר מהמאה ה15 מפילוסופים ועד מדענים. בסוף המאה ה18 זו היתה מחלוקת גדולה בין מדענים גרמנים וצרפתים לבין רוסים. מנדליב הידוע היה גם כן מהתומכים בתאוריה האי אורגנית. טענות אי אורגניות: לאמיכול להיות שסלעי מקור נותנים נפח עצום כל כך של נפט מקור פחמי עמוק מאז היווצרות כדור הארץ אוממקור אסטרואידי חיצו Dmitri Mendeleev Thomas Gold

Geochemistry evidences Carbon isotopes Optical activity Biomarkers Organic rich shales בשנות 1930-1950 השיטות הגיאוכימיות מאוד התפתחו ו ונתנו ניצחון מוחץ לתאוריה האורגנית. אלא שעדיין יש כמה מדענים רוסים ובראשם תומאס שטוענים עד היום למקור אי וארגני משמעותי. רבעת הראיות הבולטות הם איזוטופים, פעילות אופטית וביומרקרים ותכולה אורגנית משמעותית בתוך הסלעי מקור. דוגמאות לביומרקרים לקמן: ביומרקרים - cholesterol – cholestan, phytan – pristan, sterol – steran

References Craig, Harmon. "The geochemistry of the stable carbon isotopes" Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 3.2 (1953): 53-92 – just pages 23-28 Oakwood, T. S., et al. "Optical activity of petroleum" Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 44.11 (1952): 2568-2570 Chose one article: Gold T. The Deep Hot Biosphere, Copernicus: New York, 1999; 235 p. Gold, Thomas. "The Origin of Methane (and Oil) in the Crust of the Earth."USGS Professional Paper 1570 (1993).‏ Gold, Thomas. The deep hot biosphere: the myth of fossil fuels. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.‏ Kenney, J. F., et al. "The evolution of multicomponent systems at high pressures: VI. The thermodynamic stability of the hydrogen–carbon system: The genesis of hydrocarbons and the origin of petroleum" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99.17 (2002): 10976-10981. 1999-כנגד הביומרקרים

Standard: Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB) Carbon isotopes Natural abundance: ‰ (permil) Standard: Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB)

Enantiomer-Optical activity