Church History: Protestant Reformation-Vatican II

Catholic understanding of Predestination God has given us freedom to choose the good. He does not force us to do good or evil, but he does know what we will decide God provides grace to everyone, but not everyone will choose it. God knows what we will choose.

John Calvin’s understanding of Predestination God has predetermined who goes to Heaven and who goes to Hell. God provides grace only to those whom he has decided will go to Heaven.

Council of Trent 1545-1563 Pope Paul III opened the council in Trent, Italy Purpose: Define Church teaching in response to the Protestant heresies Reform the Church

Conclusions of Trent Divine revelation is transmitted to us through both Scripture and Tradition CCC 74-83 Justification by faith alone was condemned Defined transubstantiation Clarified indulgences Affirmed teaching on Purgatory Affirmed the validity of the deuterocanonical books

The Deuterocanonical Books These are 7 books in the Old Testament that are not included in Protestant Bible Teachings on purgatory and justification by faith alone are in these books Tobit Judith 1 and 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch

Counter Reformation This is the period of Catholic revival and reformation after Council of Trent and the Protestant Reformation

St. Thomas More 1478-1535 Lawyer in England Opposed the Protestant Reformation Opposed Henry VIII’s self-annulment from Catherine of Aragon Opposed the Church of England and Henry VII as the head Accused of treason and beheaded

St. John Fisher 1469-1535 Bishop Refused to acknowledge Henry VIII as the head of the Church of England Martyred

Letter of St. Thomas More to his daughter, Meg

St. Ignatius of Loyola 1491-1556 Lived in Spain 1521- fought in the Battle of Pamplona -injury & conversion

Society of Jesus St. Ignatius founded the Soicety in 1540 for “Whoever desires to serve as a soldier of God” He wanted to bring Christ to souls in the world Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam: for the greater glory of God

Spiritual Exercises Manual for retreats Based on the life of Christ Silence Place yourself into the Gospel passage What do you see? What do you hear? What do you feel? What do you know? Who else is there?

Pope Francis Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio

Missionaries 1552-St. Francis Xavier goes to China, but soon dies 1609- first Jesuit Mission to North America

St. Isaac Jogues Born 1607 in France 1636- arrives in Quebec Iroquois capture him Martyred in 1646 by Mohawks

“I do not know [what it is like] …to enter Heaven, but this I know-- that it would be difficult to experience in this world a joy more excessive and more overflowing than I felt in setting foot in the New World, and celebrating my first Mass on the day of Visitation” -St. Isaac Jogues

Catholic Church in the U.S 1510s & 1520s-Spanish explorers & missionaries in Florida 1769- California missions

St. Elizabeth Ann Seton b. 1774 in New York into an Anglican family Married William Seton They had 5 children: 2 of them died young & are buried in Emmitsburg: Anna Maria & Rebecca

Her husband became sick with Tuberculosis; they travel to Italy for better climate. He died and during this time a family introduced Elizabeth to Catholicism She went back to the U.S. excited about the Catholic Church However, she faced many difficulties

1805- she became Catholic Moved to Baltimore to help teach girls 1809- takes religious vows; establishes the Sisters of Charity in Baltimore d. 1821- Emitsburg MD 1975-first U.S. born person to be canonized

Vatican I 1869-1870 Pope Pius IX Defined papal infallibility Explained relationship between faith & reason Ended early because of Franco-Prussian war

Infallibility The Church, by help of the Holy Spirit , is kept free from any error in faith and morals

Faith & Reason

Modernism Modernism is the belief that teachings on faith and morals should change and evolve. Additionally, modernism claims that there is no unchangeable, true revelation from God

Pope Pius X Bishop of Rome from 1903-1914 Taught against modernism Encouraged devotion to Eucharist Frequent reception Lowered age of First Communion

The World in the early 20th Century As the world continued into the early 20th century, many evils spread, particularly: Atheism Nazism Communism God often raises up great saints in difficult times

St. Maximilian Kolbe Poland Franciscan Order Maximilian had a great devotion to Mary He formed a group of friars and lay people who were dedicated to win the world for Mary Knights of Mary Immaculate He established a group in Japan

He returned to Poland and was soon arrested and sent to Auschwitz, where he would become a martyr of charity

Vatican II 1962-1965 Called by Pope John XXIII; concluded by Pope Paul VI

Purpose 1) effectively promote the Church’s teachings 2)renewal in efforts of union with Christian denominations 3) aggiornamento- “bring up to date”; not change doctrine, but adapt some Church practices 4) ressourcemont:”back to the sources”, looking back to the early Church

“we must continue on the path of Vatican Council II, stripping ourselves of useless and harmful things, of false worldly securities which weigh down the Church and damage her true face” Pope Francis

Sacrosanctum Concilium Dei Verbum On Divine Revelation Lumen Gentium On the Church Gaudium et Spes On the Church in the Modern world Sacrosanctum Concilium On the Sacred Liturgy

Important individuals who were present at Vatican II Karol Wojtyla (Pope John Paul II) Josef Ratzinger (Pope Benedict XVI)