Black Activists early 20th- C

February is Black History Month A Few Black Activists late 19th C & 20th- C Booker T Washington W.E.B. Dubois Marcus Garvey James Baldwin- a writer Josephine Baker- actress

Booker T Washington Tuskegee Institute—vocational training Criticized for Accommodating segregation in his 1895 Atlanta speech

NAACP W. E. B. Du Bois helps to create the NAACP in February 1909 NAACP--Goal to secure for all people the rights guaranteed in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the United States Constitution. NO more lynching--a top priority

W.E.B. Dubois

Leo Frank Lynching

KKK Lynch Rope

Marcus Garvey 1914 Universal Negro improvement Association –immigrate to Africa-Garvey’s views of black self-help influenced the Black Power Movement of the 1960’s Legal Action Pan Africanism Black Star Line

Marcus Garvey

W.E.B Dubois Niagara Movement- African-American activists. Equality via education & Civil Rights & political activism Du Bois opposed BT Washington’s Atlanta compromise-Atlanta compromise African-American intellectual elite would lead civil rights reform aka “the Talented Tenth.”

W.E.B. Dubois

Great Black Migration 1919- After WWI- southern blacks moved North, Chicago, NYC, Detroit. Factory Jobs, industrial CITIES Ethnic enclaves Escape Southern share cropping = debt peonage

Jim Crow Era Jim Crow- Southern laws enforcing racial segregation enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965.

Birth of a Nation A Movie made in 1915 by DW Griffith The Birth of a Nation the South protects it's honor during Reconstruction especially for their women--virtuous women. The plot: a "renegade negro“ goes after a white woman so the Ku Klux Klan is born, imposing order on chaos and releasing Southern whites from "under the heel" of blacks.

Jim Crow in the Media & entertainment The 1915 Movie---Birth of a Nation The plot--a "renegade negro“ goes after a white woman so the Ku Klux Klan is born, imposing order on chaos and releasing Southern whites from "under the heel" of blacks South protects it's honor during Reconstruction especially for their women--virtuous women. :

Birth of a Nation

Civil Rights Era By the 1950s the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, headed by a lawyer named Thurgood Marshall--Brown v. Board of Education 1954, which outlawed segregation in public schools. criticized for working exclusively within the system by pursuing legislative and judicial solutions,

MLK Direct action NOT legal action should be the course the NAACP was to LEGAL and not active in fighting discrimination

Accomplishments of NAACP Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1964, and 1968, as well as the Voting Rights Act of 1965. And Brown v. Board of Education Topeka Kansas 1954 Reversed Plessy v. Ferguson

Medgar Evers June 12, 1963, Evers was shot in the back in the driveway of his home in Jackson, Miss, He died less than a hour later at a nearby hospital.

Medgar Evers.

Byron De La Beckwith Assassinated Medger Evers In February 1994, nearly 31 years after Evers's death, Beckwith was convicted and sentenced to life in prison. He died in January 2001 at the age of 80

Emmett Till 1941-1955

5 phases of black civil rights I. Booker T Washington’s –1870’s Accommodate II. 1887-1910 W.E.B. Dubois-Niagara Movement uses the Black Press, books and essays to fight Jim Crow, Public exchanges & discussion III. 1920’s-1920’s-- 1954 Marcus Garvey’s NAACP legal action Phase fight Jim Crow in the courts. Emmitt Till’s Lynching need to increase the fight. IV. 1954-1966--MLK –Direct action phase. Protests, civil disobedience V. 1966-1976 The revolutionary phase, Black Panthers, back to Africa, sperate black country

5 phases of Black Civil Rights Accommodate-1870-1880’s Niagara Movement/Public Discourse-1880’s -1905 Legal Action-1905-1954 Direct Action-1955-1966 Revolutionary-1966-1970’s

I. Booker T Washington’s –Accommodate II. 1887-1910 W.E.B. Dubois-Niagara Movement uses the Black Press, books and essays to fight Jim Crow, Public exchanges & discussion

5 phases of black civil rights III. 1920’s-1920’s-- 1954 Marcus Garvey’s NAACP legal action Phase fight Jim Crow in the courts. Emmitt Till’s Lynching need to increase the fight. IV. 1954-1966--MLK –Direct action phase. Protests, civil disobedience V. 1966-1976 The revolutionary phase, Black Panthers, back to Africa, separate black country

Booker T Washington

Booker T Washington

Booker T. Washington Washington the director of the Tuskegee Institute 1895- Atlanta Compromise an unwritten deal with Southern white leaders. The agreement provided that Southern blacks would submit to discrimination, segregation, lack of voting rights, and non-unionized employment; AND Southern whites would permit blacks to receive a basic education, some economic opportunities, and justice within Jim Crow society.

1905 The Niagara Movement E.E.B Dubois -Niagara movement, Before the NAACP. Rejected Booker T. Washington's accommodative and separate from white society. The Niagara movement embraced a more radical approach. To gain equality for blacks. IMMEDIATE equality.

Marcus Garvey-NAACP

W.E.B. Du Bois 1868-1963

W.E.B. Du Bois first African American to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard University Founding member of the N.A.A.C.P.

W.E.B. Dubois A proponent of Pan-Africanism--free African colonies from European powers.  W.E.B. Du Bois died on August 27, 1963—one day before Martin Luther King Jr.’s "I Have a Dream" speech at the March on Washington—at the age of 95, in Accra, Ghana, while working on an encyclopedia of the African Diaspora.

African Diaspora refer to the "dispersal" of Africans outside of the African continent. The African Diaspora is because of slavery. 1500’s-1850’s when Africans and their descendants were sent to regions throughout Europe, the Caribbean, North America, South America, and Central America because of slavery.

Marcus Garvey

Emmett Till