CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Engineering Drawing and Design

Learning Objectives Explain topics related to the history of engineering drafting Define drafter and other related terminology Identify categories and disciplines related to drafting Describe the requirements for becoming a drafter

Learning Objectives List and explain points to consider when seeking employment Identify the professional organization that is dedicated to the advancement of design and drafting Explain workplace ethics and related issues Identify topics related to copyrights, patents, and trademarks

Engineering Drawing Common language of engineering Process of creating drawings for any engineering or architectural application

Engineering Drawing Also known as: Drafting Engineering drafting Mechanical drawing Mechanical drafting Technical drawing Technical drafting

Engineering Drawings Effective and efficient way to communicate: Design intent Engineering requirements Instructions Proposals Typically not open to interpretation

Mechanical Drafting Used in the manufacturing industry, or Heating, ventilating, and air- conditioning (HVAC) systems

Manual Drafting Traditional drafting practice using pencil or ink on a medium such as paper or polyester film Mostly replaced by computer-aided drafting (CAD)

Computers in Design and Drafting Have revolutionized design and drafting practices Used in several industries and most engineering and architectural related disciplines for design and drafting

Computers in Design and Drafting Computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) Computer-aided design (CAD) Computer-aided drafting (CAD)

Early Drawing Practices Pictograms and petroglyphs Prehistoric graphic forms of communication Designers of ancient structures and machines Sketches, drawings, and documents 14th and 15th century Engineering drawings representing machines and buildings

Early Engineering Drawing Pioneers Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 Italian artist, inventor, and mapmaker Created pictorial drawings generally without dimensions

Leonardo da Vinci

Early Engineering Drawing Pioneers Leon Battista Alberti 1404-1472 Italian architecture and engineering author Explored the need to incorporate more geometry in drawings Proposed drawings with multiple views

Early Engineering Drawing Pioneers René Descartes 1596-1650 French inventor of the Cartesian coordinate system Founder of analytic geometry Gaspard Monge 1746-1818 French developer of descriptive geometry

The Industrial Revolution Parts produced from hand sketches or hand drawings on blackboards Coleman Sellers, American engineer and innovator Henry Ford, American automobile manufacture Most designs began as a hand sketch of the object to build

The Industrial Revolution Interchangeability became important Requires accurate drawings 19th century Engineering drawing evolves more rapidly

Early Drafting Practices and Equipment Drawings created by hand on a board Initial drawing was done using a pencil, T- square, triangles, scales, irregular (French) curves, compasses, and dividers Drafters often traced original pencil drawings onto cloth using pen and ink Attention to lettering quality

Drafting Machines Replaced the T-square, triangles, scales, and protractor Arm and track (track shown) Parallel bar

Drawing Reproduction Required for distributing drawings to manufacturers or builders Blueprints Replaced by the diazo process Modern printers, plotters and engineering copiers create prints

Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) Schools started teaching CADD 1990s Many schools and companies make the complete transition to CADD CADD now accounts for almost all design and drafting

The Drafter Prepares technical drawings and plans used by production and construction workers Fills in technical details using drawings, rough sketches, specifications, and calculations made by engineers, surveyors, architects, or scientists

The Drafter Uses technical handbooks, tables, calculators, and computers Most often uses computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) systems to prepare drawings

Other Common Titles

Drafting Fields Specific drafting areas have unique conceptual and skill characteristics Drafters often create a variety of drawings even though they may be an employ in a certain field, or focus on a specific product Drafters often work with a team, individuals of the same discipline, and others related to a specific project

Aeronautical Drafter CADD models and drawings Airplanes Missiles Spacecraft Components and related equipment Specialization of mechanical drafting

Architectural Drafter CADD models and drawings Architectural and structural features of a building

Architectural Drafter

Automotive Design Drafter Working layouts and master drawings Automotive vehicle components, assemblies, and systems Specialization of mechanical drafting

Cartographic Drafter Cartographer Maps of geographical areas Natural and constructed features Political boundaries Other features

Casting, Forging, and Mold Drafter CADD models and drawings Castings Forgings Modeled parts Specialization of mechanical drafting

Civil Drafter CADD models and drawings Construction or civil engineering projects

Civil Drafter

Commercial Drafter Facilities Drafter Lays out the location of buildings Planning of arrangements in offices, large rooms, store buildings, and factories Specialization of architectural drafting

Directional Survey Drafter Plots oil- or gas-well boreholes Specialization of civil drafting

Electrical Drafter CADD models and drawings Electrical equipment Wiring diagrams Circuit board assembly diagrams Layout drawings

Electrical Drafter

Electronic Drafter CADD models and drawings Electronic devices and components Printed circuit boards Electronic equipment

Electronic Drafter

Geological Drafter Geological or geophysical stratigraphy and locations of gas and oil deposits Maps Diagrams Profiles Cross sections Directional surveys Subsurface formations

Geophysical Drafter Subsurface contours in rock formations

Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Drafter HVAC contract documents from engineering schematics Detail drafter (detailer)

Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Drafter

Industrial Process Pipe Drafter Industrial Pipe Drafter, Piping Drafter, Pipeline Drafter CADD models and drawings Layout, construction, and operation of oil and gas fields, refineries, chemical plants, and process piping systems Oil and gas drafter

Industrial Process Pipe Drafter

Landscape Drafter CADD models and drawings Landscape architecture

Mechanical Drafter Engineering Drafter Mechanical drafting for the manufacturing industry

Mechanical Drafter

Marine Drafter CADD models and drawings Structural and mechanical features of ships, docks, and other marine structures and equipment Specialization of mechanical and structural drafting

Patent Drafter Clear and accurate drawings of varied sorts of mechanical devices Used by patent lawyer to obtain patent rights

Photogrammetrist Analyzes source data and prepares: Mosaic prints Contour-map profile sheets Related cartographic materials

Plumbing Drafter Pipe Drafter CADD models and drawings Installation of plumbing and piping equipment for residential, commercial, and industrial installations Closely related to industrial process pipe drafting

Structural Drafter CADD models and drawings Detail drafter (detailer) Structures employing structural reinforcing steel, concrete, masonry, wood, and other structural materials Detail drafter (detailer)

Structural Drafter

Technical Illustrator Lays out and draws illustrations for: Reference works Brochures Technical manuals

Technical Illustrator

Tool and Die Design Drafter CADD models and detailed drawing plans for manufacture of tools Specialization of mechanical drafting

Education and Qualifications Postsecondary training in a drafting program Considerable experience with CADD systems and techniques Strong background in drafting principles Ability to apply knowledge to a broader range of responsibilities Mechanical ability and visual aptitude

Education and Qualifications Ability to perform detailed work accurately Good interpersonal skills Knowledge of: Drafting standards Mathematics Science Engineering technology Manufacturing Construction methods

Advancement Entry-level or junior drafters Intermediate drafters Senior drafter, designer, or supervisor Opportunities include design, checking, purchasing, estimating, and management

Drafting Job Opportunities Fluctuate with national and local economies Tied to industries that are sensitive to cyclical changes in the economy Construction Manufacturing Increasing temporary or contract employment

Drafting Job Opportunities Mechanical drafting Metropolitan areas where manufacturing is strong Civil or structural drafting Areas that are more rural Electronic data transfer helps to create a broader range of opportunities

Searching For a Drafting Position Education and training requirements vary with job opportunities and employer requirements Two-year, post-secondary degree advantage Cooperative work experience (CWE) or internship

Job-Seeking Strategy Get your resume in order Write an application or cover letter Prepare a portfolio Register with employment services Use internet resources

Job-Seeking Strategy Be realistic Research prospective companies Be prepared when you get an interview Ask intelligent questions Respond fast to job leads Make a decision with enthusiasm Send thank-you letters

Salaries and Employment Benefits Comparable to salaries of other professions with equal educational requirements Employment benefits are common and vary according to each employer

ADDA International American Design Drafting Association, and American Digital Design Association Dedicated to the advancement of design and drafting and the graphics professions across all industries

ADDA International Leadership opportunities Certification program Certified curriculum program Professional councils and student chapters Annual Design Drafting Week, Technical and Educational Conference, and poster and design drafting contest Product and publication approval Publications Employment Center

Drafting Standards Established in most industries, schools, and companies Promote safety, reliability, quality, productivity, interchangeability, and efficiency Lowers costs and simplifies training Code

Drafting Standards Apply to: CADD file storage, naming, and backup File templates Units of measurement Layout characteristics Borders and title blocks Symbols Layers, and text, table, dimension, and other drafting styles Plot styles and plotting

Common Engineering Drawing and Design Standards American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standards Accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) American Welding Society (AWS) standards CADD Skill Standards International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards United States National CAD Standard (NCS)

Workplace Ethics Elements of a code of ethics: Be dependable Obey the laws Be good to customers

Intellectual Property Rights Protecting product research, engineering, and development Employees must help protect design ideas and trade secrets Proprietary notes on drawings

Software Piracy It is against the law to share copies of some software Use software legally and report illegal use when observed

Copyrights Control exclusively the reproduction and distribution of: Literary, musical, and dramatic works Pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works Motion pictures and other audiovisual works Sound recordings Architectural and certain other intellectual works

Patents 20-year term U.S. patent grants effective only within the U.S., U.S. territories, and U.S. possessions Subject matter must be useful

Application for a Patent Nonprovisional Application for a Patent Provisional Application for a Patent

Patent Drawings Form an integral part of a patent application Must show every feature of the invention

Trademarks Different from a copyright or a patent Rights start from the actual use of the mark Federal registration not required, but offers advantages Service mark

Glossary Analytic geometry Arm drafting machine Blueprint The link between algebra and geometry. Arm drafting machine A drafting machine with arms attached to a mounting bracket at the top of the table. The arms control the movement of the head. Blueprint An early contact chemical-printing process of a drawing or other image copied on paper with white lines on a blue background.

Glossary Board Cartesian coordinate system Code An early drafting table. Cartesian coordinate system A measurement system that uses numerical coordinates to locate points in space according to distances measured in the same unit of length from three intersecting axes. Code Standard that one or more governmental bodies adopts and has the force of law.

Glossary Code of ethics Computer-aided design (CAD) A formal document that states an organization’s values and the rules and principles that employees are expected to follow. Computer-aided design (CAD) Uses computers for design. Computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) The process of using a computer with CADD software for design and drafting applications.

Glossary Computer-aided drafting (CAD) Copyright Descriptive geometry Uses computers for drafting. Copyright The legal rights given to authors of original works of authorship. Descriptive geometry The system of graphic geometry that uses plane projections to describe and analyze their properties for engineering drafting applications.

Glossary Detail drafter (detailer) Diazo Works for a structural contractor developing 3-D models, detailed shop drawings and installation drawings, performing trade-to-trade coordination to a finished degree and developing fabrication drawings. Detailers may also be involved in download to or input into a structural component fabrication software. Works for an HVAC contractor developing 3-D models, detailed shop drawings and installation drawings, performing trade-to-trade coordination to a finished degree and developing fabrication cutsheets. Diazo Creates blue line copies with a white background.

Glossary Drafter Drafting Drafting machine A man or woman employed in the drafting profession. Drafting A graphic language using lines, symbols, and notes to describe objects for manufacture or construction. Drafting machine A machine that mounts to the table or board and has scales attached to an adjustable head that rotates for drawing angles. When locked in a zero position, the scales allow drawing horizontal and vertical lines and perpendicular lines at any angle orientation.

Glossary Ethics File template Interchangeability Oil and gas drafter Rules and principles that define right and wrong conduct. File template A file that contains standard file settings and objects for use in new file. Interchangeability Parts manufactured identically within given tolerances. Interchangeable parts are produced to specifications that make sure they are so nearly identical that they will fit into any product for which they are designed. Oil and gas drafter An industrial process pipe drafter who specializes in oil and gas industrial pipe drafting.

Glossary Parallel bar Patent Petroglyphs A long horizontal drafting edge attached to each side of the table and moves up and down on the table. The parallel bar allows the drafter to draw horizontal lines and triangles are used on the bar for drawing angled lines. Patent The grant of a property right to the inventor of an invention, issued by the United States Department of Commerce, United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Petroglyphs Prehistoric carvings.

Glossary Pictograms Service mark Software piracy Prehistoric drawings and paintings. Service mark The same as a trademark except that it identifies and distinguishes the source of a service rather than a product. Software piracy The unauthorized copying of software.

Glossary Standards Track drafting machine Trademark Guidelines that specify drawing requirements, appearance, and techniques, operating procedures, and record keeping methods. Track drafting machine A drafting machine with a traversing track that mounts to the table and a vertical track that moves along the horizontal track. The machine head traverses vertically on the track. Trademark A word, phrase, symbol or design, or combination of words, phrases, symbols or designs, that identifies and distinguishes the source of the goods or services of one party from those of others.

CHAPTER 2 Drafting Equipment, Media, and Reproduction Methods

Learning Objectives Describe and demonstrate the use of manual drafting equipment and supplies Explain the concept of drawing scale, and identify common inch and metric scales Read metric, civil engineer, architect, and mechanical scales

Learning Objectives Describe and use drafting media, sheet sizes, and sheet blocks and symbols Explain common drawing reproduction methods

Manual Drafting (Hand Drafting) Mostly replaced by computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) Manual drafting and CADD require understanding the basics of drafting Scale Sheet size Sheet format

Manual Drafting Equipment and Supplies Historical reference Still valuable for: Sketching Taking measurements Other related activities Still used by some companies for certain applications

Automatic Pencils Common for manual drafting, sketching, and office use Do not require sharpening Available in several different lead sizes Combination of 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 mm pencils and leads good for sketching and daily use

Lead Grades Different grades of hardness for specific techniques 2H and H good for typical daily office use 2H to F for thick lines 4H to H for thin lines 6H or 4H for construction lines and guidelines

Compasses

Dividers Bow Proportional

Parallel Bar Draw horizontal lines Use triangles to draw vertical lines and angles

Triangles Straightedge Draw angles Connect points 30°–60° triangle Angles of 30°–60°–90° 45° triangle Angles of 45°–45°–90°

Templates Circles Ellipses Letters Specific requirements and drafting disciplines Examples: Architectural symbols Electronic schematic symbols

Irregular Curves Have no constant radii French and flexible curves Radius curve

Drafting Machines Generally take the place of triangles and parallel bars Maintains a horizontal and vertical relationship between scales Scales serve as straightedges Protractor allows scales to be set quickly at any angle

Arm and Track Drafting Machines

Scale Measurement instrument Specific scales for mechanical, architectural, civil, and metric drawings Used by manual drafters to help create scaled drawings Still useful for sketching, taking measurements, and related tasks Four basic shapes

Scale Concept A universal and critical design and drafting concept

Drawing Scale Drawings are scaled so the objects represented can be illustrated clearly on standard sizes of paper Depends on: Actual size of the objects drawn Amount of detail to show Media size Amount of dimensioning and notes required

Inch Mechanical Drawing Scales Full scale = FULL or 1:1 Half scale = HALF or 1:2 Quarter scale = QUARTER or 1:4 Twice scale = DOUBLE or 2:1 Four times scale = 4:1 Ten times scale = 10:1

Drawing Scale

Metric Mechanical Drawing Scales Full scale = 1:1 Half scale = 1:2 One fifth scale = 1:5 One twenty-fifth scale = 1:25 One thirty-three and one-third scale = 1:33 1/3 One seventy-fifth scale = 1:75

U.S. Customary Architectural Drawing Scales 1/8" = 1'–0" 1/4" = 1'–0" 1/2" = 1'–0" 1" = 1'–0" 1 1/2" = 1'–0" 3" = 1'–0"

U.S. Customary Civil Drawing Scales 1" = 10' 1" = 20' 1" = 30' 1" = 50' 1" = 60' 1" = 100'

Metric Scale Any scale is a multiple of ten Any reductions or enlargements are easy to perform No mathematical calculations should be required

Civil Engineer’s Scale Divisions Ratio Scales Used with This Division 10 1:1 1" = 1" 1" = 1' 1" = 10' 1" = 100' 20 1:2 1" = 2" 1" = 2' 1" = 20' 1" = 200' 30 1:3 1" = 3" 1" = 3' 1" = 30' 1" = 300' 40 1:4 1" = 4" 1" = 4' 1" = 40' 1" = 400' 50 1:5 1" = 5" 1" = 5' 1" = 50' 1" = 500' 60 1:6 1" = 6" 1" = 6' 1" = 60' 1" = 600"

Civil Engineer’s Scale Any multiple of ten 10 scale often used for mechanical drawings at full, decimal-inch scale (1:1) 20 scale common for mechanical drawings at half scale (1:2) 20 scale used for scales of 1" = 2', 1" = 20', and 1" = 200' 50 scale popular in civil drafting

Architect’s Scale 11 different scales Ten of the scales Eleventh scale Inch represents a specific increment of feet Feet subdivided into multiples of 12 parts to represent inches and fractions of an inch Eleventh scale Full scale divided into 16 parts, each part equal to 1/16 of an inch

Mechanical Engineer’s Scale Common for mechanical drawings in fractional or decimal inches Full-scale divisions divided into 1/16, 10, and 50

Vellum Most common drafting media Inexpensive Good smoothness, erasability, and transparency Less durable and dimensionally stable Appropriate for regular graphite leads Well drawn graphite on vellum reproduces well

Polyester Film Mylar® Expensive Excellent durability, smoothness, erasability, dimensional stability, and transparency Best with ink or special polyester leads Well drawn ink on polyester film reproduces the best

Sheet Size and Format Standards for sheet size and format ASME Y14.1, Decimal Inch Drawing Sheet Size and Format ASME Y14.1M, Metric Drawing Sheet Size and Format Architectural, civil and structural drawings often use unique sheet format and may use unique sheet sizes

ASME Inch Sheet Size and Format [Insert Figure 2.31]

ASME Metric Sheet Size and Format

Selecting a Sheet Size Size of objects drawn Drawing scale Amount of additional content on the sheet Border Title block Drafting standards and company practice

G, H, J, and K apply to specific roll sizes ASME Inch Sheet Sizes Size Designation Size in Inches Vertical Horizontal A 8 1/2 11 (horizontal format) 11 8 1/2 (vertical format) B 17 C 22 D 34 E 44 F 28 40 G, H, J, and K apply to specific roll sizes

ASME Metric Sheet Sizes Size Designation Size in Millimeters Vertical Horizontal A0 841 1189 A1 594 A2 420 A3 297 A4 210 A1.0, A2.1, A2.0, A3.2, A3.1, and A3.0 apply to specific elongated sizes

Line Format Specified in ASME Y14.2M, Line Conventions and Lettering Thick lines of 0.6 mm (.02 in.) Borders Outline of principle blocks Main divisions of blocks Thin lines of 0.3 mm (.01 in.) Dividing parts lists and Revision History blocks Minor subdivisions of the title block and supplementary blocks

ASME Lettering Style Vertical uppercase Gothic Arial, Roman, or similar font when using CADD

ASME Letter Heights Sheet Elements Minimum Letter Heights INCH Drawing Sizes INCH Letter Heights METRIC (mm) Drawing Sizes METRIC Drawing title, sheet size, CAGE Code, drawing number, revision letter in the title block .24 D, E, F, H, J, K 6 A0, A1 .12 A, B, C, G 3 A2, A3, A4 Zone letters and numbers in borders All sizes Drawing block headings .10 2.5 All other characters

Border Format margin of a sheet Borderlines form a rectangle to establish the border ASME minimum distance from the edges of the sheet to borderlines: .5 in. for all inch drawing sheet sizes 20 mm for A0- and A1-size sheets 10 mm for A2-, A3-, and A4-size sheets

Zoning Allows the drawing to read like a road map Recommend by ASME standards for all sheets Optional for A, B, and A4 size sheets

Title Block

ASME Title Block

Angle of Projection Block Third angle projection First angle projection

Dimensioning and Tolerancing Block

Revision History Block Zone Revision Description Date Approval

Revision Status of Sheets Block Not required on single-sheet drawings Horizontal or vertical Located by the title block or in the area of the Revision History block

Revision Status Notation ALL SHEETS ARE THE SAME REVISION STATUS Optional Next to the title block when the revision status of all sheets is the same

Additional Sheet Blocks and Symbols Margin drawing number block Application block Microfilm alignment arrows

Diazo Reproduction Ozalid dry prints or blue-line prints Not an actual blueprint Mostly replaced by photocopy reproduction and CADD prints

Photocopy Reproduction Photocopy printers or engineering copiers Photographically reproduces material, especially by xerography Advantages over diazo printing

Properly Folding Prints

Glossary Angle of projection block Application block Automatic pencil Specifies how to interpret a drawing according to the method of view projection. Application block Includes information such as next assembly and where used for drawings of a detail part or assembly of a component of a larger assembly. Automatic pencil A pencil with a lead chamber that advances the lead from the chamber to the writing tip by the push of a button or tab when a new piece of lead is needed.

Glossary CAGE Code Compass Dimensioning and tolerancing block A five number code assigned by the United States Defense Logistic Service Center (DLSC) to all Department of Defense contractors. CAGE stands for Commercial And Government Entity. Compass An instrument used to draw circles and arcs. Dimensioning and tolerancing block Specifies the general dimensioning and tolerancing specifications found on the drawing.

Glossary Dividers Drafting machine Ellipse Used to transfer dimensions or to divide a distance into a number of equal parts. Dividers are also used in navigation to measure distance in nautical miles. Drafting machine A machine that mounts to the table or board and has scales attached to an adjustable head that rotates for drawing angles. Ellipse A circle seen at an angle.

Glossary Manual drafting (hand drafting) Margin drawing number block Traditional drafting practice using pencil or ink on a medium such as paper or polyester film, with the support of drafting instruments and equipment. Margin drawing number block Identifies the drawing number and sheet number, and optional revision, when reading the margin information on the drawing. Media The material upon which you create drawings, such as paper or polyester film.

Glossary Microfilm Proportional dividers Revision History block A film on which drawings or other printed materials are photographed at greatly reduced size for ease of storage and sending from one place to another. When needed, equipment is available for enlargement of the microfilm to a printed copy. Proportional dividers Used to reduce or enlarge an object without the need of mathematical calculations or scale manipulations. Revision History block Also called the revision block, is used to record changes to the drawing.

Glossary Revision status of sheets block Scale Templates Appears on the first sheet of multiple sheet drawings and records the revision status of each drawing. Scale An instrument with a system of ordered marks at fixed intervals used as a reference standard in measurement. A scale establishes a proportion used in determining the dimensional relationship of an actual object to the representation of the same object on a drawing. Templates Plastic sheets with accurate shapes cut out and are used as a stencil for drawing the shapes.

Glossary Vellum Xerography Zoning Drafting paper with translucent properties that is specially designed to accept pencil or ink. Xerography A dry photographic or photocopying process in which a negative image formed by a resinous powder on an electrically charged plate is electrically transferred to and fixed as positive on a paper or other copying surface. Zoning A system of numbers along the top and bottom margins and letters along the left and right margins.