Modern Biology Term 1/3 Review

This review is not comprehensive!! Make sure you go over all of your learning targets.

Chapter 1 Characteristics of life Scientific Method Hypothesis vs. Theory Microscope techniques

What are the characteristics of life?

Biology Characteristics of Life Organization Cells Response to Stimuli Homeostasis Metabolism Growth and Development Reproduction Change Through Time Biology The study of life

What are the levels of organization?

Organization and Cells ORGANELLE BIOLOGICAL MOLECULE ATOM CELL TISSUE ORGAN

What is Homeostasis? What is Metabolism?

Homeostasis & Metabolism The maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing. The sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment.

What is the Scientific Method?

Steps of the Scientific Method Observation: the act of perceiving a natural occurrence Forming a Hypothesis A statement that explains observations and data and can be tested Test Hypothesis Experimenting -Control group vs Experimental group Independent variable vs dependent variable Record and Study Data Write a conclusion Hypothesis vs theory Designing an Experiment: control group: provides a normal standard against which to compare the results of the experimental group experimental group: identical to the control group except for one factor, the independent variable independent variable: manipulated variable dependent variable: responding variable; it is affected by the independent variable

How do I determine the magnification of a microscope?

What’s my power? To calculate the power of magnification, multiply the power of the ocular lens by the power of the objective. What are the powers of magnification for each of the objectives we have on our microscopes?

Chapter 2 Atoms Periodic Table of Elements Enzymes and Activation Energy Properties of Water

What is an atom and what 3 things make up an atom?

ATOMS the simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element The nucleus contains protons and neutrons The electrons move about the nucleus at very high speeds in one of several different energy levels.

How do I use the Periodic Table? I can determine the atomic number? I can determine the number of protons? I can determine the atomic mass? I can determine the number of neutrons and electrons? I can find the chemical symbol?

Periodic Table of the Elements 2 He Helium 4 Atomic number: number of protons in the nucleus Chemical symbol: consists of 1,2, or 3 letters and is usually derived from the name of the element Atomic mass: the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

What is Activation Energy?

Activation Energy: Amount of energy needed to make a reaction begin Activation Energy: Amount of energy needed to make a reaction begin. Abbrev = Eact

What do cells use to reduce the activation energy?

Enzymes Made of protein biological catalysts reduce the Eact to cellular temperatures speeds the reaction to maintain life Catalysts – reduce the amount of activation energy that is needed for a reaction Enzymes – type of catalyst

What is Polarity? What molecule is polar? Why?

POLARITY In covalent bonds where the “sharing” is unequal (like in water). Because of this uneven pattern of charge, water is a polar compound.

Chapter 3 Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids

What are carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates Simple sugars

What are lipids?

Lipids Are made up of fatty acids and glycerol Examples: saturated fats, waxes, cholesterol, hormones Lipids are made up of long CH2 or Carbon chains This is how we store excess glucose

What are proteins?

Proteins Long chains of amino acids

What are nucleic acids?

Nucleic Acids Are made up of nucleotides Examples are DNA and RNA DNA is are genetic information and stores all of the instructions the cells needs to do its job RNA help get the instructions to the cell

Chapter 4 The Discovery of Cells Organelles of a cell Two basic types of cells – Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Relationships between size, shape, function, etc Distinguish between plant and animal cells Makeup of a multicellular organism – cells – tissues – organs – organ systems - organism

Who had great hair and who didn’t?

The History of Cell 1665 Created the first microscope Robert Hooke Anton von Leeuwenhoek 1665 Created the first microscope Studied cork and saw “little boxes” 1673 Dutch trader, considered to be the father on microbiology Made better lens

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells What are prokaryotic cells? What are eukaryotic cells? How are the same and how are they different?

Comparing Cells: Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes

Plant and Animals Cells What type of cell are plant and animals cells? How are they different?

Comparing Cells: Plant to Animal Organelles unique to each PLANTS ANIMALS plastids like chloroplasts centrioles cell wall central vacuole

Why do cells stay small?

Chapter 5 Passive and active transport Diffusion and Osmosis Hypo-, hyper-, and iso- tonic solutions Endocytosis vs Exocytosis

What is Passive Transport? Give examples

“Passive Transport” Crossing cell membrane using NO energy. EXAMPLES Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion Diffusion through ion channels

Explain diffusion

Diffusion

Explain osmosis

Osmosis

Solutions What is an isotonic solution? What is a hypotonic solution? What is a hypertonic solution? What happens to plant and animals cells in each type of solution?

What is Active Transport? Give examples

Active Transport Uses energy; against concentration gradient

What are endocytosis and exocytosis?

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Chapter 6 The chemical equation The role of chlorophyll & accessory pigments The Light Reaction – roles of reactants and products The Dark Reaction – roles of reactants and products * The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration*

Obtaining Energy What is an autotroph? What is a hetertroph?

Gets energy indirectly Obtaining Energy Gets energy indirectly Gets energy directly AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS Heterotrophs Get energy indirectly from food Autotrophs Organisms that use energy from sunlight or from chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds Photosynthesis

Visible Spectrum Pigments: compounds that absorb light. This subtracts them from the visible spectrum Light can be reflected, transmitted or absorbed by the object ROYGBIV

Why are plants green? Why do the leaves of trees change color in the fall?

Visible Spectrum Chlorophyll is a pigment Reflects green Absorbs blue and red Carotenoids are accessory pigments Absorb green Enable plants to capture more energy

What does this reaction represent? PHOTOSYNTHESIS

The process of photosynthesis I can describe what is happening during light reactions I can describe what is happening during dark reactions

This is a complex network of many interconnected food chains and feeding relationships? 11 Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Food Web 11 Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

What type of consumer is shown? 12

Carnivore 12

Indicates the organism’s position in a sequence of energy transfers 13

Trophic Level 13

4 What molecules make up ATP?

4 What molecules make up ATP? Adenosine (protein), 5-carbon sugar, and three phosphate groups

3 What function does ATP have?

3 What function does ATP have? Provides energy for the cell