Introduction to Health science

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Introduction to Health science The Nervous System Introduction to Health science

Vocabulary- Combining Forms Cerebr/o cerebrum Encephal/o brain Gli/o glue/ neurologic tissue Mening/o, meningi/o meninges Myel/o spinal cord/ bone marrow Neur/o nerve Psych/o mind Spin/o spine Tox/o, toxic/o toxic

Vocabulary- Prefixes and Suffixes para- near, beside, beyond -al pertaining to -algia pain -cele herniation, swelling -itis inflammation -logist specialist -logy study of -lysis separation, destruction, loosening -megaly enlargement -oma tumor -osis abnormal condition -pathy disease -tome instrument to cut -tomy incision, to cut

Vocabulary- abbreviations ANS Autonomic Nervous System CNS Central Nervous System CSF Cerebral Spinal Fluid CVA Cerebral Vascular Accident (stroke) PNS Peripheral Nervous System

Vocabulary Afferent going toward the brain/ the sensory pathways Arbor vitea tree like structure inside the cerebellum Efferent going away from the brain/ the motor pathways Cauda equina “horses tail” the lower end of the spinal cord bundled together Corpus callosum bundle of nerves that connect the right and left hemispheres of the brain Hemisphere 2 halves of brain- right and left hemisphere

Functions of the Nervous System Sensation (Sensory) Integration Movement (Motor)

Functions of the Nervous System Sensation The ability of the nerves to detect stimuli, such as pressure, temperature changes, taste, smell or light, and send a message in the form of impulses to the brain and spinal cord. Uses Sensory pathways, also known as Afferent pathways

Functions of the Nervous System Integration The nervous system receives and responds to internal and external sensory stimuli. This is when it analyses and processes information. It decides if the information is important enough to act on. Can happen in the brain or spinal cord.

Functions of the Nervous System Movement The ability of the brain to send impulses through motor nerves to muscles and glands to cause movement or secretion of hormones Uses Motor pathways, also known as Efferent pathways.

Nerves are capable of sending electrical messages called impulses. Nerves (neurons) are the basic units of structure and function for the nervous system. Nerves are capable of sending electrical messages called impulses. There are two main types of nerves: Sensory (afferent) Motor (efferent)

Types of Nerves Sensory nerves which detect changes and carry impulses to the brain and spinal cord from the sense organs. Motor nerves which detect changes and carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs.

There are three basic parts of a neuron: Nerve Structure There are three basic parts of a neuron: Dendrites Short, branchlike extensions which conduct electrical signals toward the cell body. Cell Body Contains large nucleus and other cellular organelles. Axon Extends from the cell body. Responsible for carrying nerve impulses to other neurons, muscles or glands.

Neuron The axon may be covered with myelin sheaths that act as insulation to protect the nervous impulse and speed the transmission Dendrites Cell body Myelin sheath Axon

Grey and White Matter When a neuron is covered by a myelin sheath it looks different than when it is not covered. Grey Matter has NO Myelin Sheath White Matter has a Myelin Sheath Notice that in the brain the grey matter is superficial but in the spinal cord the grey matter is deep to the white matter

Nervous System Divisions The largest division is between the CNS (Central Nervous System) and the PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) The CNS contains the Brain and Spinal Cord The PNS contains all the nerves as they exit the spine and run throughout the body

Nervous System Divisions The Peripheral Nervous System can be broken down further into: The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) which has the Sympathetic the Parasympathetic This system does most of the involuntary functions in the body The Somatic Nervous System This system controls the voluntary functions in the body

Nervous System Divisions

The Brain The brain contains approximately 100 billion neurons. The brain weighs about 3 pounds. About 20% of blood leaving the heart circulates through the brain. The brain is responsible for analyzing information, processing information and relaying messages to the rest of the body. It is the main control center of the body.

Parts of the Brain Cerebrum Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Cerebellum Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Brain Stem Medulla Oblongata Pons Midbrain

The Cerebrum The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It has two distinct halves called hemispheres. They are connected by a band of tissue called the corpus callosum. The cerebrum has many folds and grooves (called sulci and gyri) to increase the surface area and the number of nerves found in the brain. The cerebrum is divided into four lobes.

Notice the division between the hemispheres The sulci and gyri are obvious, and increase the surface area of the cerebrum

Cerebral Lobes Frontal Lobe- controls skeletal muscle movement, interprets the sense of smell, is responsible for our personalities, and our ability to learn, think, problem solve and concentrate. Parietal Lobe- interprets many of our senses including taste, touch, temperature, and pain. Occipital Lobe- interprets the sense of sight. Temporal Lobe- interprets the senses of balance and hearing. It also contains structures (such as the hippocampus) which store memory.

Cerebral Lobes

Cerebellum The cerebellum is the second largest part of the brain. In fact, cerebellum means the “little cerebrum.” It is located inferior to the occipital lobe. It functions to coordinate muscular movements and helps the muscles move gracefully and efficiently. It also helps with the body’s ability to balance. The arbor vitae is the tree like structure seen when the cerebellum is dissected.

The Diencephalon Main structures include the Hypothalamus Maintains homeostasis and controls the regulation of hunger, thirst, body temperature, breathing, internal organ activity, and sleep. Thalamus Vision, touch (including pain, temperature, pressure), taste, hearing, and is critical for awareness. Relays sensory information between brain regions and controls many autonomic functions of the PNS. It also connects structures of the endocrine system with the nervous system.

The Diencephalon

The brain stem is composed of three structures Medulla Oblongata Pons The brain stem is located inferior to the cerebellum and connects the spinal cord to the brain. The brain stem is composed of three structures Medulla Oblongata Pons Midbrain

The Medulla Oblongata Is continuous with the spinal cord. Controls autonomic functions such as heart beat, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, hiccupping, vomiting, and gagging. It also relays nerve impulses between the brain and the spinal cord.

The Pons In Latin, the word pons literally means bridge. It is the small bulge superior to the Medulla It regulates the rate and depth of breathing. Helps in the transferring of messages between various parts of the brain and the spinal cord.

The Midbrain Is the nerve pathway to the hemispheres. Deals with vision, hearing, eye movement, and body movement.

Midsagittal Cut of the Brain Corpus callosum cerebrum Sulci Cerebellum Gyri Spinal cord Medulla oblongata Pons Mid brain Diencephalon

The Spinal Cord Along with the brain, it is part of the Central Nervous System. It is the major communication link between the brain and the rest of the body. It can process many reflexes – unconscious, automatic responses to stimuli. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves which branch from the spinal cord to control such processes as breathing, arm movement, and leg movement.

The true spinal cord ends in the upper lumbar region (L1), after that it turns into what is called the cauda equina or horses tail. Many small individual nerves bundled together

Cerebrospinal Fluid CSF is a clear, watery fluid which bathes the brain and the spinal cord to protect it by acting as a shock absorber. CSF allows for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and the nervous tissue. CSF circulates between the two layers of the meninges, through the center of the spinal cord, and through large openings in the brain (ventricles).

Meninges A set of three layers of connective tissue that enclose the brain and spinal cord. They are located under the skull and attach directly to the brain. Meninges help to provide a small amount of protection to the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid circulates between two layer of the meninges. The three layers Dura mater “tough mother” outer layer Arachnoid web like central layer Pia mater “delicate mother” inner layer

Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System Meningitis Meningitis is an infection that causes the inflammation of the brain and spinal cord coverings. Symptoms include fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting, and stiff neck Treatment: antibiotics for bacterial meningitis and supportive treatments for viral meningitis There are two types Bacterial Meningitis Viral Meningitis

Epilepsy Epilepsy is a brain disorder involving repeated seizures of any kind. Seizures are episodes of disturbed brain function that cause changes in attention or behavior. Symptoms: Loss of consciousness Staring spells Violent convulsions. Treatment: Varies depending on the cause. May be controlled by medications.

Concussion Post traumatic impairment of neural function caused by a direct blow to the head resulting in bruising of the brain. Symptoms may include headache, loss of consciousness, ringing of the ears, nausea, irritability, confusion, disorientation, dizziness, amnesia or difficulty concentrating. Treatment may include removal from play, rest avoiding re-injury, medications for pain, physical therapy and relaxation.

Stroke Stroke, also known as a CVA or cerebrovascular accident, occurs when there is an interruption of the blood supply to any part of the brain. Symptoms appear suddenly and can include weakness or paralysis of an extremity, numbness, vision changes, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing and loss of memory It is important to get immediate care to reduce permanent complications. Physical therapy and/or occupational therapy may be needed.