Illicit Drugs in East and Southeast Asia: Situation and Response Presentation to AIFOCOM-7, HCMC, Viet Nam Jason Eligh UNODC Country Manager a.i., Viet Nam Country Office 23 April 2010

Structure of presentation Understand the situation Sharpen the response

“Containment is working… but is under threat” OPIATES in E/SE Asia: “Containment is working… but is under threat”

Opium production in South East Asia in metric tons Southeast Asia production in 2009 decreased due to lower yield in Myanmar -25% from 2007 to 2009 Opium production has a similar pattern. Opium production in Vietnam and Thailand have virtually disappeared in recent years and opium production fell drastically in Myanmar and Laos over the last decade (-67% for Myanmar and -92% for Laos). In contrast and in spite of an increase of cultivation in Myanmar in 2009 (11%), actual opium production declined (-20%), due to lower yield. Between 2008 and 2009 yield in Laos and Thailand remained unchanged, while it declined by about 13% in Myanmar (from 14.4 kg/ha to 10.4 kg/ha). Due to this decline, the overall opium production in South-East Asia fell by 19% in 2009. The contribution of South-East Asia to the global opium production fell from more than half in 1999, it continued to fall by 33% in 1998 and it still declined in 2009 by 5%. 330 Source: Opium Poppy Cultivation in South-East Asia, December 2009.

Opium poppy cultivation in South-East Asia 2004 to 2009 (in ha) 50,940 33,810 34,720 30,390 29,440 24,175 Most of the area cultivated under opium poppy in the Golden Triangle continues to be in Myanmar (31,700 ha or 94% of the total area under poppy cultivation in South-East Asia) The area under poppy cultivation in South-East Asia declined between 2004 and 2009 by 34%, mostly due to the decline in Myanmar (-28%) and in Laos (-71%). Since 2006 the trend went up every year and reaches a 40% increase in 2009 as compared to 2006. In 2009, the area under poppy cultivation was about 11% larger than a year earlier, mostly due to a small increase of poppy cultivation in Myanmar. Source: Opium Poppy Cultivation in South-East Asia, December 2009. y

Heroin situation in East and South-East Asia Heroin use trend (2007/2008) Heroin Use reported by: 10 countries Increasing: 2 (Singapore and Viet Nam) Decreasing: 4 (Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar and Thailand) Stable: 4 (Australia, China, Japan and New Zealand) Source: DAINAP 9

Heroin situation in East and South-East Asia Heroin Seizure (2004 – 2008) Note: Seizures from Australia and New Zealand are not included. Source: DAINAP 10

ATS in E/SE Asia “Steadily worsening”

ATS USERS: approx ½ in East and SE Asia ATS SEIZURES: just under ½ global meth seizures in E/SE Asia 12

ATS situation in East and South-East Asia Meth pill use trends (2004-2008) Use reported: 5 countries Increasing: 4 (China, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam) Stable: 1 (Lao PDR (stable after an increasing trend for past five years) Source: DAINAP 13

ATS situation in East and South-East Asia Meth pill seizures (2004-2009*) 2009 Regional column drawn with: 23,899,156 pills from Myanmar (CCDAC/DAINAP) [Jan – Dec, 2009] 21,514,349 pills from China (NNCC/DAINAP) [Jan – Jun, 2009] 10,738,623 pills from Thailand (ONCB/DAINAP) [Jan – Jun, 2009] 56,152,128 pills in total from this three countries only [****** China and Thailand data are only for two quarters] and the data is going to revised for more quantity. Nearly 76% increase from 2008 (31.9 millions regional total) Highest in past 6 years. * 2009 data are preliminary and likely to be revised (likely increase). Note: Seizures from Australia and New Zealand are not included. 2008: Total seizures 32 million (approx.) (70% in Thailand) 2007-2008 – Increasing (26%) Source: DAINAP 14

ATS situation in East and South-East Asia Crystal meth use trend (2004-2008) Use reported: 12 countries Increasing: 6 China Indonesia Japan Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Decreasing: 4 Australia Malaysia Philippines Rep. of Korea Stable: 2 Brunei Darussalam New Zealand Source: DAINAP 15

ATS situation in East and South-East Asia Crystal meth seizures (2004-2008) Countries reporting methamphetamine (either pill for crystalline form) as the primary drug of use, have remained relatively constant during the past four years Brunei 264.23 gram After 3 Quarters Indonesia 106892.47 gram After 2 Quarters Philippines 41039.23 gram After 2 Quarters Phillipines 234.06 kilogram After 2 Quarters Liquid meth seizure converted to kg using standard conversion rate of 1 litre = 1 kg Singapore 3287.27 gram After 3 Quarters China 1056 kilogram After 2 Quarters Malaysia 1138.93 kilogram After 3 Quarters Myanmar 124.32 kilogram After 3 Quarters Thailand 12.91 kilogram Just only Quarter 1 Total 2717.70 kilogram * 2009 data are preliminary and likely to be revised (likely increase). Note: Seizures from Australia and New Zealand are not included. 2008: Total seizures 8.3 metric ton (approx.) (66% in China) 2007-2008 – Increasing (13.7%) Source: DAINAP 16

ATS situation in East and South-East Asia Ecstasy use trend (2007/2008) Use reported by: 10 countries Increasing: 5 (Australia, China, Indonesia, New Zealand and Viet Nam) Decreasing: 4 (Malaysia, Rep. of Korea, Singapore and Thailand) Stable: 1 (Japan) Source: DAINAP 17

ATS situation in East and South-East Asia Ecstasy seizures (2004-2008) Ecstasy pill seizures have fluctuated in East and South-East Asia over the past five years. This is partly due to different classifications of seizures, between ecstasy and methamphetamine, as well as improved disaggregation of data between the various synthetic drugs. However, the bulk of the regional seizures in 2007 and 2008 were made by four countries - China, Indonesia, Japan and Thailand Brunei 15 pills After 3 quarters China 761927 pills After 2 quarters Indonesia 211931.8 pills After 2 quarters Malaysia 53689 pills After 3 quarters Myanmar 4.5 pills After 3 quarters Philippines 1285 pills After 2 quarters Singapore 8036 pills After 3 quarters Thailand 959 pills Just only Q1 Total 1037847 pills * 2009 data are preliminary and likely to be revised (likely increase). Note: Seizures from Australia and New Zealand are not included. 2008: Total seizures 3 million (2/3rd in Indonesia and China) Source: DAINAP 18

Detailed assessments: 15 country reports from East and South-East Asia Broad overview: South Asia The Pacific Island States

Structure of presentation Understand the situation Sharpen the response

Sharpening the response: Regional Cooperation Arrangements Computer-Based Training (CBT) Border Liaison Offices (BLO) Container Control Programme (CCP) Evidence-based Drug Treatment

Regional Cooperation Arrangements Regular bilateral cooperation AIFOCOM: AIPA Fact-finding Committee to Combat the Drug Menace JASPOC: Joint ASEAN Senior Police Officers’ Course ADLOMICO: Anti-Drug Liaison Officials’ Meeting for International Cooperation IDEC: International Drug Enforcement Conference HONLEA: Heads of National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies MOU among the Greater Mekong Subregion (6 GMS countries + UNODC) ACCORD: ASEAN and China Cooperative Operations in Response to Dangerous Drugs

Computer-Based Training (CBT)

Border Liaison Offices (BLO)

How Intelligence is Communicated: BEFORE BLO ACTIONS Intelligence/Information Follow up action General enquiries Drug seizures Traffickers Drug trends Concealment methods Country A Country B Narcotic Police Border Police Customs Local Police Immigration CID Military Intelligence Narcotics Police Customs National Drug Authority How Intelligence is Communicated: BEFORE BLO

… After BLO Country A Country B BLO National Drug Authority Narcotic Police Border Police Customs Local Police Immigration CID Military Intelligence Narcotics Police Customs National Drug Authority

UNODC-WCO Container Control Programme (CCP) In 2006 approximately 420 million container movements across the planet; Expected to grow to 450 million by 2012 Only 2% were inspected in any manner in 2006

UNODC-WCO Container Control Programme (CCP) Ongoing Interest

Cocaine Approximately 35 metric tons within the wall of bed sheet cartons

Precursor chemicals 76 tons

The Anti-Narcotic Force / Customs 15 metric tons cannabis resin seized in Karachi The Anti-Narcotic Force / Customs

Evidence-based Drug Treatment Compulsory detention centres for drug users is not drug treatment Methadone maintenance therapy works for opiate dependence Public health interventions for drug users support public security goals

Thank you www.unodc.org/eastasiaandpacific