CH. 3 THE CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION Epithelial Muscle Connective Nervous

Ch. 3 THE CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION ORDER OF TOPICS Introduction 3.1 The Cell Membrane Structure The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles The Nucleus The Plasma Membrane Membrane Transport  Lab 9 Generation of a Resting Membrane Potential Cell-Environment Interactions Cell Growth and Reproduction  Labs 5 & 6 Protein Synthesis  Labs 7 & 8 Lab 4

Terms to know prior to class Cell Theory, Diversity, Size, 3 main parts of cells Cell Membrane functions, main component of double layer Integral membrane proteins Definition of Cytoplasm, Cytosol, and Organelles Basic functions of Cell Membrane, Double layer-main components Mitochondria Function & Cell Respiration Reaction Ribosomes—all Endoplasmic Reticulum Types & Structure

I Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life Slide 1 Cell Theory Cell Diversity Cell Size: 2µm to 1m

Cell Anatomy Slide 2 Three main regions 1. 2. 3. Figure 3.1a

II THE CELL MEMBRANE Slide 3 A. Basic Functions: Boundary Protection Regulates movement of substances Plasma membranes are Semi-Permeable!

Slide 4 B. Fluid Mosaic Model: Structure and Composition Consistency: Double layer of: Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Mostly unsaturated- effect? Inner & outer surfaces: P

Plasma Membrane: phospholipid structure Slide 5 3. Cholesterol Location Function Glycolipids = 20% Figure 3.2

Peripheral Proteins: Functions: Fig 3.4-c,d Slide 6 PROTEINS– Integral & Peripheral a) Integral Membrane Proteins: Functions: Fig. 3.4-all Peripheral Proteins: Functions: Fig 3.4-c,d Example-- Integral Protein Peripheral Protein

Slide 7 5. Glycoproteins: - Glycocalyx-- Is in contact w/ extracellular Fluid Function: Fig 3.4-f

Functions of Membrane Proteins– Fig. 3.4 Transport Enzymatic activity Receptors for signal transduction Figure 3.4.1

Functions of Membrane Proteins … Intercellular adhesion Cell-cell recognition Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix Figure 3.4.2

C. Membrane Junctions Membrane Junctions = Tight junctions: Desmosomes: Gap junctions: Figure 3.3

SKIP “TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES” P. FOR NOW GO TO TEXT P. The Cytoplasm and Organelles

III. The Cytoplasm and Organelles A. Introduction-- Components Endomembrane System 2. Cytosol: 3. Other Vesicles Vacuoles Granules

B. Endomembrane System Organelles 1. Mitochondria a) Structure Outer membrane Inner membrane Cristae Matrix b) Function Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY 32ADP + 32P  32ATP c) DNA

2. Ribosomes 3. Endoplasmic Reticulum Size Structure Composition Function 3. Endoplasmic Reticulum a) Structure b) Types i) Rough ER Functions

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Function Ribosome Protein Protein inside transport vesicle Transport vesicle buds off mRNA Rough ER Proteins travel to Golgi or cell membrane Figure 3.5, step 4

3. Endoplasmic Reticulum … b) Types … ii) Smooth ER Structure Functions 4. Golgi apparatus a) Structure b) Functions i) Secretion Vesicles Pathway 1 Rough ER Golgi apparatus Vesicle Figure 3.6 Plasma membrane

Secretion … Pathway 2 Pathway 2 Figure 3.6 Golgi vesicle containing membrane components fuses with the plasma membrane Pathway 2 Pathway 2 Figure 3.6

iii) Makes Lysosomes Pathway 3 Figure 3.6 Rough ER Membrane Lysosome fuses with ingested substances Golgi vesicle containing digestive enzymes becomes a lysosome Pathway 3 Figure 3.6 Golgi apparatus

C. Peroxisomes Structure Function - contain enzymes = Oxidases & Catalases - Then, H2O2  H2O and O2

D. Cytoskeleton Composition: Functions: Types: Microtubules, Microfilaments, & Intermediate Filaments Composition & Functions-- STUDENTS DO Figure 3.7a

E. Centrioles Made of: Location:

E. Centrioles … Functions:

F. Organelles that cause Cellular Movement 1. Flagella 2. Cilia Function: mucus

2. Cilia … Figure 3.27b

G. Plasma Membrane Specializations 1. Microvilli Example: Figure 3.3

IV. The Nucleus A. Function: B. Contains:

C. Components 1. Nuclear envelope Pores 2. Nucleoli 3. Chromatin-DNA

histones: organize DNA nucleosomes Chromatin … histones: organize DNA nucleosomes chromosomes = each contains 2 duplicate DNA molecules - Chromatids Figure 3.29

Homologous DNA Molecules – 23 pairs Homologous Chromosomes Centromere: Chromosome Function: Homologous DNA Molecules – 23 pairs Homologous Chromosomes 2n cells 1n cells Chromosomes … Duplicated DNA molecules Chromatin Chromosome

END TO NEXT PPT

Review Question 2a. Why is the cell membrane considered semi-permeable? 2b. Phospholipids make good boundary forming molecules in water because they have ____________ heads that are attracted to water and _______________ tails that do not mix with water.

Review Question 5. Match the following organelles to their functions: Metabolize lipids and detoxify certain chemicals Powerhouse of the cell Makes proteins Makes proteins, helps make new membrane, sends out secretions Modifies proteins, helps make new membrane, makes lysosomes, sends out secretions Ribosome Mitochondria Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi Body

Review Questions 1. Which of the following are true concerning cell diversity? Cells can contain different amounts of the different organelles. Different cell types carry out many different functions. Different types of cells make different types of proteins. All cells have at least a few microvilli, cilia, and flagella.

Review Questions 1. Which of the following are true concerning cell diversity? Cells can contain different amounts of the different organelles. Different cell types carry out many different functions. Different types of cells make different types of proteins. All cells have at least a few microvilli, cilia, and flagella.

Review Questions 1. Which of the following are true concerning cell diversity? Cells can contain different amounts of the different organelles. Different cell types carry out many different functions. Different types of cells make different types of proteins. All cells have at least a few microvilli, cilia, and flagella.