The Generation of Electric Energy

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Presentation transcript:

The Generation of Electric Energy Electricity: the energy carrier of the future Boundary conditions: Oil, gas, coal and uranium resources are limited Ecological impact Reliability of supply Low prices Electrical Power System Essentials

Fuel Mix Electrical Power System Essentials Capacity [GW] France Netherlands Germany Austria Switzerland Italy Hydro power 25.4 - 9.1 11.8 13.3 21.1 Nuclear power 63.2 0.5 20.3 3.2 Conventional thermal 24.8 19.3 70.4 6.3 0.3 66.2 Renewables 2.4 2.3 24.5 0.9 2.5 total 115.8 22.1 124.3 19.0 17.1 89.8 Installed generation capacity in some European countries in the year 2006 Electrical Power System Essentials

Thermal Power Plant (1) Electrical Power System Essentials The Amercentrale in the Netherlands (Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.) Electrical Power System Essentials

Thermal Power Plant (2) Electrical Power System Essentials The principal components of a thermal power plant with the Rankine Cycle Electrical Power System Essentials

The Principals of Thermodynamics (1) dQ = dU + dW = dU + pdV Q : The heat added to the system [J] U : The internal energy [J] W : The work done by the system [J] P : The gas pressure [Pa] V : The gas volume [m3] Electrical Power System Essentials

The Principals of Thermodynamics (2) pV-diagram of an ideal gas with two states (p1, V1) and (p2, V2) Electrical Power System Essentials

The Principals of Thermodynamics (3) Schematic representation of a heat engine working between a hot reservoir (T1) and a cold reservoir (T2) Electrical Power System Essentials

The Principals of Thermodynamics (4) The pV-diagram of the Carnot cycle Electrical Power System Essentials

Thermal Power Plant (1) Electrical Power System Essentials The principal components of a thermal power plant with the Rankine Cycle Electrical Power System Essentials

Thermal Power Plant (2) Electrical Power System Essentials The Rankine Cycle Electrical Power System Essentials

Nuclear Power Plant (1) A typical fission reaction Electrical Power System Essentials

Nuclear Power Plant (2) The Boiling Water Reactor Electrical Power System Essentials

Nuclear Power Plant (3) The Pressurized Water Reactor Electrical Power System Essentials

Nuclear Fusion A typical fusion reaction Electrical Power System Essentials

Wind Energy Electrical Power System Essentials Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V. Electrical Power System Essentials

Wind Turbines (1) The Danish wind turbine concept Electrical Power System Essentials

Wind Turbines (2) Wind turbine with a doubly-fed induction generator Electrical Power System Essentials

Wind Turbines (3) A direct drive wind turbine Electrical Power System Essentials

Hydro Power Electrical Power System Essentials

Water Turbines (1) The Kaplan Water Turbine Courtesy of Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation GmbH & Co. KG Electrical Power System Essentials

Water Turbines (2) The Francis Water Turbine Courtesy of Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation GmbH & Co. KG Electrical Power System Essentials

Water Turbines (3) The Pelton Wheel Turbine Courtesy of Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation GmbH & Co. KG Electrical Power System Essentials

Solar Power (1) Solar Power Tower Electrical Power System Essentials Courtesy of DOE/NREL Electrical Power System Essentials

Solar Power (2) Solar Panels Electrical Power System Essentials Courtesy of DOE/NREL Electrical Power System Essentials

Geothermal Power (1) Dry Steam Power Plant Electrical Power System Essentials

Geothermal Power (2) Flash Steam Power Plant Electrical Power System Essentials

Geothermal Power (3) Binary-Cycle Power Plant Electrical Power System Essentials

The Synchronous Machine (1) Electrical Power System Essentials

The Synchronous Machine (2) Generator Types Two-pole cylindrical rotor Four-pole salient-pole rotor Electrical Power System Essentials

The Synchronous Machine (3) Equivalent Circuit No power exchange with the grid Electrical Power System Essentials

The Synchronous Machine (4) Grid interaction No power exchange Generator injects power into the grid Electrical Power System Essentials

The Synchronous Machine (5) Equivalent Circuit Generator injects power into the grid Electrical Power System Essentials

The Infinite Bus (1) Electrical Power System Essentials

The Infinite Bus (2) Electrical Power System Essentials

The Synchronous Machine (6) Generator Heating Limits Electrical Power System Essentials

The Synchronous Machine (7) Active power as a function of the power angle  Electrical Power System Essentials

The Synchronous Machine (8) Example of a Loading Capability Curve Electrical Power System Essentials

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