Urban Future 8 DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION WITH CITIES from 1970s to 2020s Lecture series Nov – Dec 2016 Paula Pennanen-Rebeiro-Hargrave, PhD in Urban Geography

Climate change adaptation & cities Climate change and urban resilience Climate change has negative impacts on cities, urban economy sectors, ecosystems and livelihoods. The poor are most severely affected. Local initiatives are often disconnected from national action plans. 2

Cities & Climate Change Programme The objective of the Asia-Pacific CCCI is to enhance capacities of local & national governments to prepare and implement comprehensive climate change strategies and Action Plans, in collaboration with communities and CSOs … and to integrate climate-responsive urban dev. practices into National Policies, Strategies and legislative reforms …plus to establish a CCC advocacy, knowledge, capacity building and networking facility for Asia-Pacific Working in total 50 cities in 15 countries by 2014 Source: UN-Habitat Asia-Pacific 2014

CCCI approach 1 Global - UN climate process, 1 Policy & Advocacy 2 Tools 4 City Support 3 Institutions 1 Global - UN climate process, Inter-Govt. Panel on CC, UNFCCC Conference of Parties 1 Regional - Ministerial Conferences, Regional organisations 2 Assessments, planning, leadership, data & knowledge development and sharing 3 Governance for CC response: multi-level participation & implementation Universities, prof. institutions Source: UN-Habitat Asia-Pacific 2014

2 Tools development Knowledge Management Strategy Better documentation (web, publications), City2City, community of practice, Bangkok TA&KM hub

4 Support to cities Capacity development of local governments On-demand support to cities requesting TA and response to financiers’ demand for CC mainstreaming City level work to build capacities: basic & advanced training of staff, training of “rapid response team” National level support to climate change curriculum Regional workshops for partners; IUTC South Korea - courses for local government staff and their training institutes Global tool roll-out, mainstreaming CCC and tools in other training programmes, IHS Netherlands – ‘Urban Management tools for climate change’ UN-Habitat ROAP 2013

CCCI’s local planning process Principles Pro-poor, value-based, participatory Prioritised: Most vulnerable people, places, livelihoods & sectors City-driven capacity development support 7

CCCI plans and priority actions ‘Quick Wins’  ability to act and high common gains: Drainage maintenance Community disaster preparedness EbA & urban agriculture pilots Solid waste management Medium…long-term actions: Mainstreaming in valid plans Resilient home upgrades Climate-proofing of livelihoods Rehabilitation of ecosystems Resettlement Infrastructure (retrofit / new) Energy efficient public buildings & mobility Stand-alone plans indicate commitment of stakeholders; while mainstreaming in “statutory plans” or changing the planning framework are more complex Paula Pennanen-Rebeiro 2014 8

CCCI - Building resilience The role of local government in adaptation Comprehensive local CC policy & action Administration/Governance Economic Development Emergency Services Environmental Management Health Housing and Settlements Human and Social Services Solid Waste Storm water and drainage Transportation and urban infrastructure Urban Agriculture Urban Planning Water and Sanitation

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Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) General awakening in Asia to the vulnerability of built environment to hazards and weather extremes The UN strategy on Urban Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Cities – includes Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) – methods for resilience building through local and regional planning Expanding on climate change support efforts with cities (mainstreaming CC in urban & regional planning)  EbA is an important option for building urban resilience, mainly in the resource-poor LDCs and most vulnerable island states 11

Value of EbA for cities Support to national and sub-national governments in their climate change work by providing technical assistance projects, capacity and policy advice: Cooperation with authorities of five cities to reduce adaptation costs and contribute to building climate resilience of urban households through the use of EbA EbA is part of an overall adaptation strategy: focused on pro-poor principles, risk reduction, increase in resilience by healthy ecosystem services while creating community employment EbA is a method to combine social & env sust in cities at low cost at the local scale Ecosystem services given an (under)estimate financial value Classes of ecosystem services and benefits for cities 12

Value of EbA for cities Complements conventional infrastructure methods by ‘soft’, locally manageable, low-cost alternatives that support (not eliminate) ecosystems’ adaptation capacities: Improve food security, limit impacts of pollution & natural hazards, increase aesthetic appeal and economic and social potentials of cities, reduce management costs of engineered adaptation means EbA methods can readily be integrated into participatory community-based and city/region adaptation methods & investment plans of cities 13

Case of Lami town, Fiji Benefits increase when EbA is combined with policy and social measures: Ecosystem-based Coastal Management integrates biodiversity conservation and the protection of ecosystem services to the people: Comparative focus of ecosystems vs. infrastructure, including valuation of ecosystem services in the location Carry out cost-benefit analysis of EbA and engineering options 14

Ecosystem service values in Lami over a one year timeframe Source: CCCI Programme, UN-Habitat ROAP 2013 15

Cost-benefit analysis EbA vs. engineering The point its that he greatest benefit-to-cost ratio is achieved with the “ecosystem maintenance” option in the case of Lami town, Fiji Island. Source: CCCI Programme, UN-Habitat ROAP 2013 16

Case of coastal towns in Sri Lanka Climate Resilient Action Plans for coastal areas EbA is fully mainstreamed in the “Climate Resilient Urban Strategies & Action Plans”: Water resource management (drainage, sanitation)  restore the lagoon ecosystem Build a multi-purpose, protective green belt Restore mangroves and coastal bio-diversity …. + Regulate land tenure, rezone land use; + Relocate most vulnerable households + Early warning systems Source: UN-Habitat Sri Lanka 17

finally...

Conflict-free > Complex UN-Habitat 2013

Conclusions What - the “big picture” long way of cities and urbanisation to global development agendas…via several paradigms shifts the “Urban Millennium” – SDGs, disasters & resilience the next 20 years’ focus agreement – the New Urban Agenda of October 2016 How - the tools recommendations on urban policy & strategy complexities of spatial planning resilience to disasters and climate change participation to bring on people’s own capacities Photo: UN-Habitat Nepal Urban planning & dev is useful & fun, everywhere!