Digestion How do we get the elements of life? What do we do with these macromolecules?

State Standards 4.1 Explain generally how the digestive system (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum) converts macromolecules from food into smaller molecules that can be used by cells for energy and for repair and growth.

Pre-reading Life-giving molecules discovered on Comet 67P Go to NewsELA and read this article to “seed” your understanding of why this matters to humans. You may have to create an account. I have sent you a link to do so in your school email. https://newsela.com/articles/comets-life/id/18258/

Hydrolysis and Synthesis Describe the synthesis and decomposition of the macromolecules. Video 1 - Condensation reaction – What is it? What are the reactants and products? Hydrolysis reactions - What is it? What are the reactants and products? Enzyme interaction/ reactant-Substrate interface - What is it? What are the reactants and products?

Video vocab Important Vocabulary Reactants = a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction. Products = A substance that is formed from a chemical reaction Hydrolysis = The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. Condensation = a reaction in which two molecules form a larger molecule, producing a small molecule such as H2O.

Hydrolysis and Synthesis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnnfN5BIX7E

What happens in a condensation RX A functional group combines to make a new molecule and water. H-O-H Water R – O – R This can make disaccharides, Triglycerides and polypeptides

What happens in a Hydrolysis RX Water combines with the polymer and splits it apart. The HOH breaks into OH and H and joins the smaller new molecules. H-O-H Water R – O – R (Polymer) disaccharides, Triglycerides and polypeptides

Peptide bond Peptide Bond

Triglyceride RX

Enzyme Vocab Substrate - the substance on which an enzyme acts. Enzyme active site – a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction. Product - a substance that is formed as the result of a chemical reaction

How do enzymes work How do enzymes work – Video 1 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=myORDWVzNhc   Video 2 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4

Digestion in the mouth

Describe what is being broken down and absorbed at each stage of the process. Mouth Mechanical Breakdown Mechanism – This means what is happening when the breakdown is occurring. What parts of the body are being used and how? Chemical Breakdown Major enzymes used – This means what chemicals are present to break molecules apart? What macromolecules do they affect and what are their names. What organ or gland produces the enzyme? What is being absorbed? – This means what molecules are being passed into the blood stream or have reached their final stage of breakdown.

Mouth vocab Salivary glands - a gland that produces saliva and salivary amylase into the mouth   Salivary Amylase –An enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates Sucrase – An enzyme that breaks down fructose and glucose Pepsin - Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down protein Ribonuclease - is an enzyme that breaks down RNA into smaller component. Mechanical shearing – cutting, grinding or crushing an object. Done with your with your teeth.

Mouth Vocab Continued Chemical Digestion – Chemical and Enzymatic break down of food into smaller molecules. Mechanical Digestion - Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces by shearing of grinding. Bolus - The ball of food formed by the tongue after chewing and mixing with saliva.

What should my notes look like? Name Date Title of the notes or the objective Mouth 1- Mechanical Breakdown Your clarifying notes go here. 2- Chemical Breakdown 3- What is being absorbed –

Mouth https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PuEVWjwP_KM

Digestion in the Stomach

Digestion in the Stomach Use the this video for the intestines to see what happens in the stomach. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzLoUCCASwM You can also google it and read about what the stomach does. Follow the guide provided and answer the questions completely.

Digestion in the Stomach. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzLoUCCASwM

Enzymes in the stomach and Vocab Gastric Juices HCl – Hydrochloric Aid Digests proteins in the stomach. Breaks down bone and mineral materials Destroys bacteria's in the stomach. Pepsin – Digests proteins in the stomach. Lipase – Digests lipids in the stomach. Chyme - Partially digested, semi-liquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach.

What should my notes look like? Name Date Title of the notes or the objective Stomach Your clarifying notes go here. 1- Mechanical Breakdown 2- Chemical Breakdown 3- What is being absorbed –

Digestion in the Intestine

Intestine Vocab Trypsin - Cleaves peptide chains and is secreted by the pancreas Chymotrypsin - Cleaves peptide chains and is secreted by the pancreas Small Intestine - Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place Pacreas - Gland that makes digestive enzymes and secretes them into the small intestine. Gall bladder - An organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine Liver - Large lobed organ that makes bile, stores glycogen/vitamins, processes toxins for kidneys

Small Intestines Video 1 – Chemical breakdown What is being absorbed? Major enzymes used - This means what chemicals are present to break molecules apart? What macromolecules do they affect and what are their names. What organ or gland produces the enzyme? What is being absorbed? his means what molecules are being passed into the blood stream or have reached their final stage of breakdown.

What should my notes look like? Name Date Title of the notes or the objective Small Intestines 1- Mechanical Breakdown Your clarifying notes go here. 2- Chemical Breakdown 3- What is being absorbed? – Large Intestine 1 - What is being absorbed?

Small Intestine digestion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmuQ6JvbI-M

Track of Digestion Use the interactive video to track the path of food through the body. http://www.kitses.com/animation/swfs/digestion.swf

Test your knowledge Practice the following jognog quiz after you have watched all videos and taken your notes. https://quizlet.com/_2mrs20

Other related videos. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFczvJp0bpU

Condensation - basic principles Condensation is a chemical process by which 2 molecules are joined together to make a larger, more complex, molecule, with the loss of water. It is the basis for the synthesis of all the important biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) from their simpler sub-units. It is important not to get condensation and hydrolysis muddled up, as they are in fact opposite processes!  Condensation is so called because the product is drawn together from two other substances, in effect getting smaller by losing water. It does not give off  water to condense and run down the window! In all cases of condensation, molecules with projecting -H atoms  are linked to other molecules with projecting  -OH  groups, producing H2O,  ( H.OH ) also known as water, which then moves away from the original molecules.

Hydrolysis Polymers are broken down into monomers in a process known as hydrolysis, which means "to split water," a reaction in which a water molecule is used during the breakdown . During these reactions, the polymer is broken into two components. If the components are un-ionized, one part gains a hydrogen atom (H-) and the other gains a hydroxyl group (OH–) from a split water molecule. This is what happens when monosaccharides are released from complex carbohydrates via hydrolysis. Source: Boundless. “Hydrolysis.” Boundless Biology. Boundless, 26 May. 2016. Retrieved 04 Oct. 2016 from https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/biological-macromolecules-3/synthesis-of-biological-macromolecules-53/hydrolysis-295-11428/

Enzymes at a deeper glance 1.3 Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, that have an effect on enzymes.