BELLRINGER: 1/3 and 1/4 1. Pick up the papers by the door. 2. Take out review packet. 3. Update your ToC: 83: Notes – Unification of Italy and Germany 84: German Unif. Map 85: Italian Unif. Map 4. Write down your HW: Finish the Italian unification map activity for homework

Agenda: 1/3 and 1/4 1. Bellringer 2. Review Packet 3. Notes: Unification of Italy and Germany 4. Map Activities

Quick recap: congress of Vienna

The Big 4 Congress of Vienna (1815) Who is there? Austria (Metternich) England (Duke of Wellington) Prussia (Frederick William III) Russia (Tsar Alexander I) Plus France (Talleyrand) The Big 4

Congress of Vienna (1815) To-Do List: 1. Decide what to do with France Break up Napoleon’s French Empire 2. Restore balance of power in Europe Redraw political/country borders in Europe 3. Bring back European monarchies If you were in power before Napoleon, we want you back!

Unification of Italy and Germany Ms. Allen 2016-2017 World History II

Nationalism is the belief that people should be loyal to their nation rather than to an empire—to the people with whom they share a culture and history

Unification of Italy

Til 1:27

Cavour Leads Italian Unification Italian nationalists looked for leadership from the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the largest and most powerful of the Italian states. Kingdom adopted a liberal constitution in 1848. Unification sounded like a good plan to the liberal middle-class.

Cavour Leads Italian Unification Became Prime Minister of Sardinia in 1852. Worked tirelessly to expand Piedmont-Sardinia’s power. Wanted to gain control of northern Italy.

Roadblock emerges: war with Austria Cavour realized that Austria would cause a major roadblock. Napoleon III (French leader) agreed to help drive Austria out of the northern Italian provinces. Cavour then started a war with Austria. RESULT: With the help of the French, Sardinia won two quick victories. Sardinia took all of northern Italy, except Venetia.

Unification reaches south italy While Cavour was uniting northern Italy, he secretly helped nationalist rebels in the south. May 1860 – a small army of Italian nationalists captured Sicily. Army was known as the Red Shirts. Leader – Giuseppe Garibaldi his followers, always wore a bright red shirt in battle = RED SHIRTS.

Final Additions 1860 – Venetia became part of Italy. 1870 – Papal States came under Italian control. This included the city of Rome. Rome became the capital of Italy. The pope would continue to govern a section of Rome known as Vatican City.

From 1:27 as recap

Unification of Germany

To about 0:50

Setting the stage for german unification Like Italy, Germany also achieved national unity in the mid-1800s. 1815 – 39 German states formed a loose grouping called the German Confederation. The Austrian Empire dominated the confederation. However, Prussia was ready to unify all the German States. Will take leadership role in unifying Germany

German Confederation

Bismarck Takes Control of germany 1862 – Wilhelm II succeeded Frederick William to the throne. Wilhelm II = a conservative Supported by the Junkers (also conservative), who were wealthy landowners from Prussia Otto von Bismarck becomes Prime Minister He’s a Junker! Junkers supported his view. Junkers = strongly conservative members of Prussia’s wealthy landowning class. 1862 – Wilhelm chose a conservative Junker to be his Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck and Realpolitik Bismarck became a master at realpolitik. Means “the politics of unity”. Used to describe tough power politics with no room for idealism. “It is not by means of speeches and majority resolutions that the great issues of the day will be decided but by blood and iron.”

Bismarck’s controversies Bismarck declared that he would rule without: Consent of parliament Legal budget These actions were in direct violation of the constitution. Started a war with Austria Seven Weeks War (1866) RESULT: humiliating loss for Austria because Prussia has a superior military

Bismarck’s controversies Franco-Prussian War (1867) Spurred by religious tensions in Germany Cause fight with France to get people in south Germany to give in Result: Goes to war with France Prussia wins! 1867 – a few southern German states remained independent. Southern Germans – Catholic Prussia – Protestant South resisted domination by Prussia. Bismarck felt that the southerners would give in if they felt an outside threat. Bismarck felt that a war with France would suffice. Bismarck manufactured “incidents”. Created the impression that the French ambassador had insulted the Prussian king. France reacted by declaring war in 1870. Prussia entered France and captured 83,000 people including Napoleon III. Parisians finally gave in due to hunger. Final stage of German unification.

Southern Germans finally had nationalistic feelings. Accepted Prussian leadership. 1871 – Captured Versailles. King Wilhelm I of Prussia was crowned kaiser or emperor. Called empire The Second Reich Holy Roman Empire was the first.

A Shift in Power The 1815 Congress of Vienna had established five Great Powers in Europe: Britain, France, Austria, Prussia and Russia 1815 – powers were nearly equal in strength. 1871 – Britain and Germany were the most powerful. European balance of power had broken down.

Map activities: For the remainder of class, you will work on the maps for German and Italian Unification. WORK ON THE GERMAN UNIFICATION ONE FIRST!