Session 2 Technology Options in Faecal Sludge Management Training Programme on “Water Supply, Sewerage and Septage Management and Drainage” 6 – 7 December 2016 Venue: RCUES, Lucknow

SFD in India - 2011 Containment Emptying Transport Treatment Reuse/ Disposal 1.4% 0.1% Centralized System (11.9%) Decentralized systems (2%) Legally dumped (9.3%) Effectively Treated (1.4%) Not Effectively Treated (3.08%) 13.9% WC 36.18% On-Site Facility Safely Emptied (31%) Safely Abandoned (0.09%) Leakage includes DEWATS (3.6%+ 0.2%) Illegally dumped (21.7%) Effectively Treated (5.2%) 5.2% 50% 5.2% 12.7% 21.7% 3.8% Domestic Environment Receiving Waters Agriculture field 93.3% Not Effectively Treated (0.45%) 6.7% Not Effectively Treated (9.21%) Un-Safely Emptied (5.18%) 50% OD / Open Discharge Data Source Census 2011

FSM Value Chain Objectives Reduce Open Defecation Access to Sanitary latrines. Standard Containment systems to avoid leakages in to the system Safe collection and transportation of FS to avoid health hazard and leakage into environment Treating septage to safe levels of disposal Reuse of end products to bring economic benefits

Treatment across Sanitation Value Chain User interface Collection + storage/ treatment Conveyance (semi) centralised treatment Re-use and/or disposal Septic Tanks Pit Latrines Soak Pits Vacuum Trucks DEWATS STPs FS treatment plants Agriculture/ farmlands Landfill ON-SITE SANITATION SYSTEMS

USER INTERFACE

User Interface 1 Individual Toilet 2 Shared Toilet 3 Community toilet 4 Public toilet

Toilet Types: Flushing system No flush Pour flush toilet Cistern flush toilet Vacuum flush toilet

Pre-cast concrete toilet Pre-fabricated toilet Superstructure Pre-cast concrete toilet Pre-fabricated toilet

CONTAINMENT/ STORAGE

Containment/Storage Onsite sanitation system 1 Single Pit 2 Twin Pit 3 Conventional Septic Tank 4 Urine Diversion Dry Toilet Onsite sanitation system

Pit System Operating principle – collection of solids and liquid infiltration into ground, Use of alternating pits through diversion chamber Average depth is 2m and is limited by the groundwater table The latrine can be used until it is filled up Water seal pan avoids direct contact and smell and Vent pipe to avoid odor and fly nuisance Area = 1 – 3 sqmt, Cost per pit = 3 to 4K Sealed bottom (in dry pits, porous bottom)

Septic tank Operating principle – sedimentation of solids, filtration and part digestion and supernatant filtration in the soak away HRT = 1-2 days (higher the retention time, better efficiency) SRT = desludging period 2-3 years Area required for installation = 3-4 sqmt (5 users) and Cost per septic tank (5 users) = 40000 to 60000 INR

Anaerobic Biogas digester Operating principle – sedimentation of solids, filtration and good digestion HRT = 1-2 days (higher the retention time, better efficiency) SRT = desludging period 2- 3 years Area required for installation = 3-4 sqmt (5 users) and Cost per tank (5 users) = 40000 to 200000 INR

Urine diversion and composting toilet – Ecosan Concept Containment – Alternative system Urine diversion and composting toilet – Ecosan Concept Urine is flushed into an air tight urine storage. Faeces drops into a insulated vault where it is collected in a container. The urine is utilized for agriculture. The full container is left for decomposition during 6 months and used for compost. Composting chamber attached for degradation of organic materials Straw and vegetable waste is added to the faeces to support the composting process Significant reduction in pathogens and Compost can be used as a soil conditioner

WHO – UNICEF; JMP An "improved" sanitation facility is one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. The definitions used by the JMP are often different from those used by national governments. Hygienic toilets Unhygienic toilets Flush toilet Networked toilets Septic tank and Pit latrine Pit with slab VIP Flush toilet to elsewhere Pit latrine without slab Bucket Hanging toilet Shared toilet Open defecation

EMPTYING/ COLLECTION/ TRANSPORTATION

Sludge emptying / collection Emptying / Collection / Transportation Sludge emptying / collection 1 Bucket System 4 Vaccutug 2 Gulper System 5 Dung Beetle 3 Portable Pump 6 Vacuum Tanker

Collection & Conveyance-Very limited access to Vacuum tanks TEMPRORY MEASURE IMMEADATELY UPGRADED Bucket System Gulper System Portable pump With protective gears Needs to be upgraded wherever possible immediately

Small Volume transport for roads with width less than 3 mtrs Collection & Conveyance - Limited access Small Volume transport for roads with width less than 3 mtrs Capacity – 1000, 2000 liters

Large Volume Transport for roads with width more than 3 mtrs Collection & Conveyance - Adequate access Large Volume Transport for roads with width more than 3 mtrs Capacity – 2000, 4000 liters

Fixed /Mobile Transfer Station Collection & Conveyance – Very limited access to Vacuum tanks Fixed /Mobile Transfer Station Access to pits is very limited Densely populated low income settlement with pits and limited road access Permanent solution / constructed closer to the community where it can be accessible by large vacuum tank Needs to be operated by community with the support of ULB

TREATMENT TREATMENT

Organic Load Reduction Treatment – Objectives Selection of treatment options based on achievement of following objectives Priority Pathogen Removal Organic Load Reduction Reuse Highest Lowest

Treatment – Approach 1 2 3 4 5 6 Separation of solids Sludge stabilization 3 Dewatering / Drying Sludge percolate treatment 4 5 Disinfection 6 Safe disposal / Reuse

Possible Treatment Options Source: Fecal sludge management systems approach for implementation and Operation, IWA Publications, 2014

Solid Liquid Separation and Dewatering Settling Tanks and Sedimentation Ponds Sludge Drying Beds Planted Sludge Drying Beds

Settling Tanks and Sedimentation Ponds Settling tanks provide a liquid retention time of a few hours (to ensure settling of Settleable solids) Sedimentation ponds provide a liquid retention of few days or several weeks designed on Desired depth and Quantity of accumulating solids The accumulating solids have to be removed and treated further

Sludge Drying Beds It is a shallow filter tank filled with graded gravel mainly used for dewatering of stabilized sludge Graded filter media of different diameter used for the depth of 50-60cm depth with the top layer as sand Approximately 50-80% of the liquid drains of as filtrate and 20-50% due to evaporation The depth of sludge applied per loading is not more than 30cm Sludge drying period range of 10-20 days depending on the temperature

Planted Sludge Drying Beds FS is loaded with layers of sludge that are subsequently dewatered and stabilized through multiple physical and biological mechanisms The beds consist of gravel/sand/soil filter planted with plants such as reeds, cattails, bulrushes Liquid fraction flows vertically downwards through media and is collected at bottom and treated separately Sludge retention time is 2-3 years depending on sludge loading rate TS

Stabilization/Treatment Co-treatment with Wastewater Co – Composting with Municipal Solid waste Anaerobic Digestion: Biogas digester LaDePa pelletizer Mechanical Treatment Options

Co-treatment with Wastewater Septage addition at the nearest sewer manhole, upstream of STP Septage addition at STP Septage addition to Sludge Digesters / Sludge Drying Beds

Co – Composting with Municipal solid waste Co-composting is a mixture of organic solid waste and faecal sludge with pre-defined moisture content (40-60%) at specified condition Human waste is rich with Nitrogen and moisture content; solid waste has high organic carbon content Co – composting of Faecal Sludge and organic solid waste range from 1: 2 – 1:10 depending on the Faecal Sludge characteristics and its water content

Types of Co-Composting Open Systems Material is piled in heaps (called windrows) Size of heap ensures sufficient heat generation Aeration is guaranteed by active ventilation, regular turning and addition of bulky materials Closed Systems Systems can be movable or static Aeration and moisture are controlled by mechanical means and require external energy Such systems are cost intensive and are O&M intensive

Anaerobic Digestion This process ensure effective sludge digestion and stabilization During digestion: Organic matter is converted to biogas The stabilized sludge (digestate) utilized as soil conditioner The SRT is maintained for 10-15 days Removal of accumulated solids from the digester remain a challenge

Mechanical Treatment Options The technologies used to treat wastewater sludges are also applicable for Faecal Sludge namely: Belt Filter Press Screw Press Centrifuge Advantages of mechanical treatment options include compactness and speed of the process Limitations of mechanical treatment options include high investment costs, O&M and electricity requirements

Mechanical Treatment Options

LaDePa pelletizer Modifying a commercially available pyrolysis unit and adding dewatering and water treatment units. Pyrolysis is a process which decomposes matter using heat in the absence of oxygen.

LaDePa Pelletizer

Lime Treatment Objective of lime addition is to achieve reduction of pathogens, odor and degradable organic matter The level of digestion depends on the degree of the initial stabilisation of FS, the temperature, and on the retention time inside the tank As per the experience in order to achieve the desired results, it is proposed to 5 kg of lime per cum of sludge

Geo-tube bags Geo bags are porous tubular containers fabricated with high strength woven geo-textiles (polyethylene material) mainly used for dewatering sludge . Bags will help to achieve the capture of 98% of solids from the sludge Polymer will added to increase the solid settling Filtrates from the container should be collected and treated properly before discharge

Anaerobic based approach for Faecal sludge treatment Faecal Sludge/Septage Screen Chamber Sand and grit removal Settling Tank Separation - free water Anaerobic digester Stabilization Liquid-solid separation Solids Liquid Disposal Liquid Treatment Effluent is discharged into agricultural fields, drain or water body DEWATS Unplanted drying bed Dewatering Co-composting Disinfection Enriching fertilizer value Regular operator is required. O&M is simple Capital cost is high and recurrent cost is minimal Large area requirement (UG+OG) Suitable for large quantity (20cum) Good treatment efficiency Regular feeding is not a issue End product is compost. Can be used as soil conditioner Cost- INR: 25,000-40,000/cum

Mineralization based approach for Faecal sludge treatment Faecal Sludge/Septage Screen Chamber Sand and grit removal Planted Drying beds Stabilization Co-composting Dewatering Solids Liquid End product is compost. Can be used as soil conditioner Disposal Liquid Treatment Effluent is discharged into agricultural fields, drain or water body DEWATS Disinfection Commonly practiced technique due to simplicity Moderate capital cost, Low recurring cost Large area requirement Good treatment efficiency Location of the treatment system may be an issue – odor, flies Operation and mainatainace may be an issue – acceptance Regular feeding may be an issue Cost- INR: 40,000-60,000/cum

Criteria: Selection of Technology Quality and Quantity of FS Land Availability / Location O&M Availability CAPEX / OPEX End use requirement / Business model Short term vs Long term Climatic conditions

END USE

Key considerations People’s needs and preferences (socio-cultural); Local materials, products and skills; Economic viability; Additional barriers; Regulatory aspects

Soil Conditioner and Fertilizer in Agriculture Protein for animal feed End Use Methodologies END - USE Methodology DESCRIPTION Soil Conditioner and Fertilizer in Agriculture Treated faecal sludge and urine can be applied to soil to improve plant growth by a) increasing nutrients b) improving the physical structure of the soil. Biogas Faecal sludge is mixed with organic waste to produce biogas and digestate. Biogas is used as energy source for lighting and boiling Solid Fuel Dried faecal sludge can replace other fuels such as wood and charcoal, which are more expensive and damaging to the local environment Protein for animal feed Animals such as larvae feed on faecal sludge and provide a protein source for farm animals and fish Aquaculture Faecal sludge is fed to aquatic organisms such as fish and aquatic plants. These aquatic organisms can then be eaten directly used as animal feed or used as fertilizers

Any further questions? … Thank You!