© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg Grouped according to anterior, medial, or posterior Most anterior muscles flex femur at hip, extend leg at knee (foreswing of walking) Most posterior muscles extend thigh, flex leg (backswing of walking) Medial muscles all adduct thigh All three groups enclosed by fascia lata © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (cont.) Include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation Thigh flexors pass in front of hip joint Iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major): prime mover of flexion Tensor fasciae latae Rectus femoris Assisted by medial adductors and sartorius Thigh extensors Hamstring muscles: prime movers of extension © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.14-1 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Anterior superior iliac spine Figure 10.20a Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg. 12th thoracic vertebra 12th rib Quadratus lumborum Psoas minor Iliac crest Psoas major Iliopsoas Iliacus 5th lumbar vertebra Anterior superior iliac spine Tensor fascia lata Pectineus Adductor longus Sartorius Quadriceps femoris • Rectus femoris Gracilis Adductor magnus • Vastus lateralis • Vastus medialis Tendon of quadriceps femoris Patella Patellar ligament © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (cont.) Adductors (also medially rotate thigh) are used in movements that press thighs together Overstretched thigh muscles are referred to as “pulled groin” Adductor magnus Adductor longus Adductor brevis Pectineus Gracilis © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.14-2 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Pectineus (cut) O O Adductor Adductor brevis magnus I Adductor longus Figure 10.20b Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg. Pectineus (cut) O O Adductor brevis Adductor magnus I Adductor longus I I Femur I O = origin I = insertion © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (cont.) Quadriceps femoris arises from four separate heads that form the flesh of front and side of thigh All insert into the quadriceps tendon, which then inserts into the patella, and then via patellar ligament, into the tibial tuberosity Powerful knee extensor © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.14-3 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Anterior superior iliac spine Figure 10.20a Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg. 12th thoracic vertebra 12th rib Quadratus lumborum Psoas minor Iliac crest Psoas major Iliopsoas Iliacus 5th lumbar vertebra Anterior superior iliac spine Tensor fascia lata Pectineus Adductor longus Sartorius Quadriceps femoris • Rectus femoris Gracilis Adductor magnus • Vastus lateralis • Vastus medialis Tendon of quadriceps femoris Patella Patellar ligament © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

O Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis Rectus femoris Figure 10.20c Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg. O Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis Rectus femoris tendon (cut) Patella Patellar ligament © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (cont.) Abductors and lateral rotators Gluteus maximus (also laterally rotates thigh) Gluteus medius (also medially rotates thigh) Gluteus minimus (also medially rotates thigh) Piriformis (also laterally rotates thigh) Obturator externus (also laterally rotates thigh) Obturator internus (also laterally rotates thigh) Gemellus (also laterally rotates thigh) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.14-4 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.21a Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Gracilis Iliotibial tract Long head Biceps femoris Short head Hamstrings Semitendinosus Semimembranosus © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.21b Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. External oblique Lumbar fascia Iliac crest Gluteus medius Median sacral crest (of sacrum) Adductor magnus Gluteus maximus Gracilis Biceps femoris Iliotibial tract Semitendinosus Semimembranosus © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.14-5 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.21c Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteus minimus Superior gemellus Piriformis Obturator internus Obturator externus Inferior gemellus Quadratus femoris Gluteus maximus (cut) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.21d Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. Obturator externus © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (cont.) Hamstrings are fleshy muscles of posterior thigh Cross both the hip and knee joints Are prime movers of thigh extension and knee flexion Innervated by sciatic nerve “Pulled hamstring” is a common sports injury © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.14-6 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.21a Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Gracilis Iliotibial tract Long head Biceps femoris Short head Hamstrings Semitendinosus Semimembranosus © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.21b Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. External oblique Lumbar fascia Iliac crest Gluteus medius Median sacral crest (of sacrum) Adductor magnus Gluteus maximus Gracilis Biceps femoris Iliotibial tract Semitendinosus Semimembranosus © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes Deep fascia of leg is continuous with fascia lata Segregates leg into three compartments: anterior, lateral, and posterior Fascia thickens distally; forms flexor, extensor, and fibular retinacula © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (cont.) Various leg muscles produce the following movements Ankle: dorsiflexion and plantar flexion Intertarsal joints: inversion and eversion of the foot Toes: flexion and extension © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (cont.) Muscles of anterior compartment Primary toe extensors and ankle dorsiflexors Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Fibularis tertius (not always present) Extensor hallucis longus © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.15-1 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.22a Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg. Fibularis longus Gastrocnemius Tibia Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Soleus Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius Superior and inferior extensor retinacula Extensor hallucis brevis Extensor digitorum brevis © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.22b Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg. Tibialis anterior I © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.22c Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg. Extensor hallucis longus O Fibularis tertius I I © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.22d Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg. Extensor digitorum longus O = origin I = insertion I © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (cont.) Muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg Plantar flexion and eversion of the foot; stabilize lateral ankle and lateral longitudinal arch of foot Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.15-2 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (continued) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.23a Muscles of the lateral compartment of the right leg. Patella Head of fibula Gastrocnemius Soleus Fibularis longus Extensor digitorum longus Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis brevis Fibularis tertius Superior and inferior extensor retinacula Flexor hallucis longus Extensor hallucis brevis Extensor digitorum brevis Fibular retinaculum Lateral malleolus Metatarsal V © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.23b Muscles of the lateral compartment of the right leg. O = origin I = insertion O Fibularis longus I Tendon of fibularis longus © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.23c Muscles of the lateral compartment of the right leg. O = origin I = insertion O Fibularis brevis I © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (cont.) Muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg Act to plantar flex the ankle All are innervated by tibial nerve Divided into: Superficial muscles Deep muscles © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.15-3 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (continued) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.24a Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg. Plantaris Medial head Gastroc- nemius Lateral head Tendon of gastrocnemius Calcaneal tendon Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus Calcaneus Superficial view of the posterior leg. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.24b Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg. Lateral head (cut) Plantaris Gastroc- nemius Medial head (cut) Popliteus Head of fibula Soleus Tendon of plantaris Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Tendon of tibialis posterior The gastrocnemius has been removed to show the soleus immediately deep to it. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.15-4 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (continued) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.24c Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg. Plantaris (cut) Gastrocnemius lateral head (cut) Gastroc- nemius medial head (cut) Popliteus Soleus (cut) Tibialis posterior Fibula Fibularis longus Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Fibularis brevis Tendon of tibialis posterior Medial malleolus Calcaneal tendon (cut) Calcaneus The triceps surae has been removed to show the deep muscles of the posterior compartment. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.24d Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg. O = origin I = insertion O Tibialis posterior I Isolated tibialis posterior. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.24e Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg. O = origin I = insertion O Flexor digitorum longus I Isolated flexor digitorum longus. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.24f Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg. O = origin O I = insertion Popliteus I O Flexor hallucis longus I Isolated popliteus and flexor hallucis longus. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.16: Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support Muscles that flex, extend, abduct, and adduct toes Support arches of foot; some leg tendons assist Extensor digitorum brevis: dorsal foot muscle; helps extend toes © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.16-1 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.16: Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support (cont.) Four layers of plantar muscles Superficial Second layer Third layer Deepest layer © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.16-1 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.25a Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect. Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Lumbricals Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Abductor hallucis Flexor digitorum brevis Flexor accessorius Abductor digiti minimi Calcaneal tuberosity First layer (plantar aspect) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.16-1 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.25b Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect. Lumbricals Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor hallucis longus tendon Flexor digitorum longus (tendon) Flexor digiti minimi brevis Abductor digiti minimi Flexor accessorius Fibularis longus (tendon) Flexor digitorum longus (tendon) Flexor hallucis longus (tendon) Second layer (plantar aspect) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.16-2 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support (continued) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.25c Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect. Adductor hallucis (transverse head) Adductor hallucis (oblique head) Interosseous muscles Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Fibularis longus (tendon) Flexor accessorius Flexor digitorum longus (tendon) Flexor hallucis longus (tendon) Third layer (plantar aspect) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.16-2 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support (continued) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.25d Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect. interossei Fourth layer (plantar aspect): plantar interossei © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.25e Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect. Dorsal interossei Fourth layer (dorsal aspect): dorsal interossei © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.17: Summary: Actions of Muscles Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot Summary of Tables 10.14 through 10.16 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.17-1 Summary: Actions of Muscles Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.17-2 Summary: Actions of Muscles Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot (continued) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.26a Summary: Actions of muscles of the thigh and leg. Adductors Hamstrings Vastus lateralis Femur Posterior compartment of thigh (flexes leg and extends thigh); innervated by tibial nerve (portion of sciatic nerve) Vastus intermedius Key: Rectus femoris Posterior compartment muscles Vastus medialis Anterior compartment muscles Medial compartment muscles of thigh and lateral muscles of leg Medial compartment of thigh (adducts thigh); innervated by obturator nerve Anterior compartment of thigh (extends leg); innervated by femoral nerve Muscles of the thigh © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.26b Summary: Actions of muscles of the thigh and leg. Triceps surae Fibula Fibularis muscles Posterior compartment of leg (plantar flexes foot, flexes toes); innervated by tibial nerve Tibialis anterior Key: Posterior compartment muscles Lateral compartment of leg (plantar flexes and everts foot); innervated by superficial fibular nerve Tibia Anterior compartment muscles Muscles of the leg Anterior compartment of leg (dorsiflexes foot, extends toes); innervated by deep fibular nerve Medial compartment muscles of thigh and lateral muscles of leg © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.