Resistance Natural feature of materials Metals are good conductors and non metal are insulators Voltage dependent resistors (VDR) Temperature dependent resistors (NTC or PTC resistors)
Typical resistivity Material Resistivity Silver 1,64 E10-8 Nichrome Copper 1,72E10-8 Silicon 2500 Aluminium 2,83E10-8 Paper 10E10 Iron 12,3E10-8 Mica 5E11 Constantan 49E10-8 Quarz 1E17
Rsistors in parallel and in series
Capacitors Component can store charge How much capacitor can store charge Capacitors ability to collect electrons Capacitance Voltage over the capacitor
Capacitors in parallel and in series
Different types of capacitors Big electrolyte capacitors Tantalum caoacitors Signal conditioning capacitors made from plastic or ceramic
Aluminium electrolyte capacitors Cylindrical shape and big size They are polarized Typical values 100 nF to 4700μF Typical maximum voltage value 12V,16V, 32V, 64V Made of long sheet of coated plastic film Insulating material is non conducting liquid
Tantalum capacitors Low voltage devices Capacitance 1μF – 150μF Stable capacitance and very low impedance in low frequencies Dont like voltage spikes Can be exploded if connected wrong way into the circuit
Plastic capacitors Typical materials polystyrene, polyester, polypropylene or teflon Capacitance 1 nF – 50μF
Ceramic and mica capacitors
Coils or Inductors The DC current through a coil forms an electric magnet Short circuit for DC, AC signal properties used in electronics Series and parallel connections are calculated like resistors
Transformers When two coils are put close to each otherby mutual inductance the energy is transferred from one coil to the other
RLC-circuits
Material type Conductrors (resistivity about 10E-7 Ωm) Insulators Semi conductive materials (resistivity over 10E10Ωm) Germanium was the first Silicon has replace germanium Compaund semiconductors (GaAs) P-type semiconductors (holes are the majority carriers( N-type semiconductors (electrons are the majority carriers)
Diodes P-type end is anode and n-type is cathode Voltage over zener-diode does not depend on the current passing the component Light emitting diodes (LED)
NPN and PNP transistors Transistor is a current controlled current source The transistor can be used as a switch or as an amplifier
Integrated circuits Include many integrated components (divided by the amount of transistors) SSI small (operational amplifiers, regulators) MSI medium LSI large scale (processors) VLSI
Operational amplifiers Used to amplify signals instead of transistor amplifiers Filter circuits Integrators derivators
Inverting amplifier
Noninverting amplifier
Summing amplifier
Differential amplifier
Integrator
Derivator