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Subject :- Breathing apparatus Topic :- Importance of Breathing apparatus as a personal protective equipment NAME :- ABHILASH K.R. ROLL NO. : 2304 66TH STATION OFFICERS & INSTRUCTORS COURSE, NATIONAL FIRE SERVICE COLLEGE NAGPUR - 440001

Aim Definition and use of Breathing apparatus Respiration Routes of entry of toxic substances in to human body Conditions that require respiratory protection Ill effects of toxic environment to human body Donning procedure of Breathing apparatus

DEFINITION Breathing apparatus is one of the most important personal protective equipment used by the fire and rescue services personals all over the world. It can be defined as the device which supplies breathable air or oxygen to the wearer as per his requirement irrespective of the atmosphere.

USES Used in fire incidents to carry out operations such as Offensive fire attack Removal of the victims Search and rescue Ventilation Overhaul

Used in non fire incidents such as Around hazardous materials in conjunction with full body protective suit Confined space rescue Under water rescue (SCUBA)

RESPIRATION Breathing or respiration is a spontaneous action by which human beings consumes oxygen which includes the dual process of inhalation in which oxygen is taken in and exhalation in which carbondioxide is discharged out.

Composition of AIR Inhaled and Exhaled GAS INHALED EXHALED Nitrogen 79.04% Oxygen 20.93% 16.93% Carbon dioxide 0.03% 4.03% This shows that the same concentration of oxygen is absorbed and the same concentration of carbondioxide is discharged in each breathing which is about 4%

RESPIRATION TYPES EXTERNAL RESPIRATION Here the oxygen in the inhaled air enters the blood and carbondioxide in the blood leaves the lung. This takes place at the lung interphase. INTERNAL RESPIRATION This takes place at the cell interphase. Here the oxygen from the blood is received by the individual cells and in turn the carbondioxide waste products are picked up by the blood.

CHART OF BREATHING DETAILS The rate of consumption of oxygen or air and the rate of respiration depend upon the degree of exertion of the human body as follows Degree of exertion Number of respiration/ minute Air consumed in litre/minute Rest in bed 15 7.5 Rest in standing 17 10.5 Walking 20-25 12.5 Running 30 20 Moderate walking 60 Heavy working 80 40 The table shows that as the degree of exertion increases the rate of breathing and also the air consumed increases

PARTS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM UPPER RESPIATORY TRACT Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT Bronchi Bronchioli Alveoli

RESPIRATORY TRACT POISONS Human respiratory tract poisons are classified based on their effect on the respiratory system UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT POISONS SUBSTANCE EFFECT Sulphur dioxide Irritation Hydrogen chloride In the Hydrogen bromide Respiratory Nitrogen dioxide Tract

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT POISONS SUBSTANCE EFFECT Hydrogen cyanide Inhibit cellular oxidation Hydrogen sulphide Paralyses respiratory centre Chlorine Produces toxic substances in the lungs Phosgene Do

ROUTES OF EXPOSURE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES The four primary routes of exposure of toxic substances in to the human body are. Respiratory Absorption Ingestion Injection

RESPIRATORY Absorption through respiratory tract via inhalation

ABSORPTION Absorption through the skin via dermal contact

INGESTION Absorption through digestive tract via ingestion

INJECTION Introducing the material directly in to the blood stream

Point to note The route that most commonly causes health hazard is the respiratory system and this takes place through the inhalation of toxic substances. The respiratory system of the human body is most vulnerable to injury especially from the toxic conditions encountered during fire fighting operations. Hence it might be protected.

CoNDITIONS THAT REQUIRE RESPIRATARY PROTECTION The four conditions that are found commonly at a fire or other emergency incidents that require respiratory protection are OXYGEN DEFICIENCY  ELEVATED TEMPARATURE SMOKE OR UNBURNT PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION TOXIC ENVIRONMENT

OXYGEN DEFICIENT ATMOSPHERE Fire consumes oxygen and produces toxic gases that may displace or dilute the available oxygen. When the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere falls below 19.5% it is known as oxygen deficient atmosphere. Decreased oxygen causes mascular impairment mental confusion and death.

EFFECTS OF HYPOXIA OXYGEN CONCENTRATION SYMPTOMS 21% Normal 19.5% OSHA definition of Oxygen deficiency 17% Increased respiratory Rate, muscular Impairment 12% Dizziness, headache and rapid fatigue 9% unconsciousness 7% - 6% Death with in a few Minutes

ELEVATED TEMPARATURE The respiratory system of the human body is extremly delicate and sensitive to elevated temperature. Inhalation of heated gases may cause accumulation of fluid in the lungs leading to a condition known as pulmonary edema and may cause death due to asphyxiation. The damage caused by heated air or gas is long term and is not reversible by treatment of fresh cool air.

SMOKE Smoke is a combination of unburnt products of combustion, carbon particles, tar and associated gases. Inhalation of these products make breathing difficulty, coughing, burning sensation in the chest and throat and irritation in the eyes and respiratory tract. Smoke also reduces the visibility.

TOXIC ENVIRONMENT Combustion produces toxic gases and irritants that affect the fire fighters working in hazardous environment and cause short term and long term effect GAS TOXOLOGICAL EFFECT PRODUCED BY CONCENTRTION INPPM(IDLH) Carbondioxide Displace oxygen Free burning 40000 Carbon monoxide Incomplete combustion 1200-1500 Hydrogen cyanide Chemical asphyxiant Wool,Silk,Nylon, Polyurethane 50 Hydrogen chloride Respiratory irritant Pvc, Building materials, Furnishings Nitrogen dioxide Pulmonary irritant Small quantity from fabric Large quantity from cellulose nitrate 20 Phosgene Poison Burning refrigerants 25

CARBON MONOXIDE It is one of the most important lethal gases found in a fire. It is a colourless odourless gas produced during the incomplete combustion or in areas of poor ventilation.

ACTION OF CARBONMONOXIDE In the human body oxygen in the blood is bound to haemoglobin which is contained in the red blood cells. When carbonmonoxide is inhaled it combines itself with the haemoglobin of the red blood cells to form carboxyhaemoglobin and there by prevent oxygen being combining with red blood cells which leads to hypoxia followed by death. Carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin about 218 times easier than oxygen.

SYMPTOMS OF CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING CONCENTRATION IN PPM (IDLH) Mild headache 1000 Headache,Nausea 1300 Unconsciousness after one hour 1500 Ten minute exposure Dizziness, Nausea 3200 Fatal less than one hour exposure 4000 Danger of death one to three minutes 10000

CONCLUSION The above mentioned conditions can be found separately or combined in a fire incident. Therefore to avoid breathing from such hostile environment fire fighters should be provided with a device known as BREATHING APPARARATUS.

DONNING PROCEDURE Two methods The overhead method The coat method

Over the head method B) General check up A) Place the apparatus before the wearer with cylinder valve pointing towards the wearer. B) General check up

D : Lift the back plate/cylinder C : Grasp the back plate with both hands. Harness straps should be outside of your hands. D : Lift the back plate/cylinder E : Balance the unit on your back by leaning forward, and tighten

Coat method

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