Montreal, the Metropolis of Quebec Secondary 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5Ob9qpmeLc

What is a territory? It is an area of land that belongs to or is controlled by a government.

Different zones exist in a territory A zone is a part of a territory reserved for specific activities a) Industrial Zone: http://www.broadfielddistributioncentre.co.uk/images/broadfield_distribution_centre_mast.jpg li

b) Commercial Zone:

c) Agricultural Zone

d) Residential Zone

Metropolises around the world Cities vary in size, population and wealth. Major cities have a high concentration* of people, activities and buildings. *This means there’s a LOT of people, activities and buildings in one area!

What does urbanization mean? Urbanization is a population shift from rural (in the countryside) to urban areas (in the city). In the 20th century (1900-1999), the world has seen a rise in urbanization.

What is a metropolis? It is the largest city in a province. It is a major urban centre where power and services are concentrated (gathered together in one place). Densely populated (the number of people per square kilometer is high). Population density is different in every city. For example, the Montreal metropolitan area has 3.8 million inhabitants while Mexico has nearly 23 millions.

Q1 This power can be: Economic (businesses, industries & head offices) Financial (banks and stock exchanges) Political (government and municipal buildings) These services include: Mega hospitals, public transportation, schools, etc. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAmGyaRwN0g https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wedMwZ90ork https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUitsvCIyrQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kv1e8jP5naQ

What the difference between the following? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZVTGE1A2bI What the difference between the following? Island of Montreal City of Montreal Montreal Metropolitan Area

Montreal, the Metropolis of Quebec The city of Montreal is the metropolis of the province of Quebec. The city of Montreal covers most of the island of Montreal (500km2). It also covers the following islands: Île Bizard, Île des Sœurs, Île Notre-Dame, Île Sainte-Hélène and a few other smaller islands The island is bordered by the Saint Lawrence River to the south and Rivière des Prairies to the north.

What is a metropolitan area? Montreal is a densely populated urban territory. It is also surrounded by many other less densely populated areas. We refer to Montreal and its surrounding territories as the Montreal Metropolitan Area or the Greater Montreal Area.

Population of Montreal and MMA The city of Montreal has a population of 1.9 million. The Montreal Metropolitan Area has a population of 3.8 million. The MMA includes the cities of Montreal, Laval, Longueil and other surrounding territories.

Location of the island of Montreal The island is located in a fertile valley right in the middle of the Saint Lawrence River. A valley is a low area of land between hills or mountains, typically with a river or stream flowing through it. This location is ideal for transporting and trading goods.

Demographic makeup of Montreal The Montreal Metropolitan Area is home to nearly half the entire population of Quebec. Its residents are 65% Francophone and 12% Anglophone. It is multiethnic – people coming from different parts of the world! It is also culturally diverse - having so many different ethnic groups living in the same area.

Why do people move to metropolises? (from rural areas) To find work more easily. To enjoy better access to services like medical care, education To enjoy clean drinking water (poorer countries)

What challenges do metropolises face? There are several major challenges in organizing a city. The following are common challenges that major metropolises try to overcome:

1. Finding housing in a city Families with little money are increasingly forced to move away from downtown areas. Apartments are more spacious and rents are less as we move farther away from downtown areas. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7j3V0LW_Uc

The cost of rent is determined by these factors: Income Number of children How close it is to a bus stop or metro station Neighborhood Environment (Living near a park is more expensive; living next to a highway/overpass would bring the value down)

Housing in the downtown areas of cities (rich countries) It has become more expensive to live in the downtown areas. Also, many apartments that were for rent a few years ago have since been converted (changed) to condominiums. A condominium is residential building that has many units. The same people who live in each unit normally own it. The first downtown apartment buildings in London to be converted to condominiums.

As a result, there are not enough apartments to keep up with the demand. In other words, more and more people are searching for affordable apartments as the population on the island rises. The result? Rents keep going up and those who are poorest have to find apartments that further away from the downtown area.

Q3 Suburbs or downtown? Most wealthy cities are becoming difficult to find affordable housing in the downtown area. As a result, many families are moving to the suburbs. A suburb is a residential area or town far from the center of a city.

Social Housing It is a type of housing that allows low-income people to pay a lower rent. The government partially “funds - pays” the construction of these apartments. One type of social housing is called “low-cost housing” (HLM), which belongs to the government. Low-cost housing is mostly built in the suburbs where land is cheaper to build on.

The homeless Those who do not earn enough money to pay for rent, receive outside support, or given a place to stay end up sleeping on the street. They are referred to as “homeless” or “itinerant”.

Metropolises all around the world: 8 out of 10 metropolises with the highest population are in developing nations (poor countries).

Developing country (poor) has the following characteristics: low standard of living severe poverty low income ($ - pay cheque) Low education levels (very few and/or poor quality high schools, universities, etc.)

High birth rate Joblessness and low-paying jobs (bad economy) Little to no technology Little to no industries (factories) Poorly built infrastructure (ex: roads, bridges)

Developed or Industrialized Nation: Q4 Developed or Industrialized Nation: A country with a high standard of living high income and education levels lower birth rate (birth control etc.) well-developed roads, bridges, houses etc. Good economy Developed nations: Canada, U.S.A, France, England, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand etc.

Northern vs. Southern Hemispheres: Most countries in the Northern Hemisphere are developed - wealthy! Most countries in the Southern Hemisphere are developing countries – really poor!

Megalopolis: It is a region made up of several large cities and their surrounding areas. These cities form the heart of economic and global power – they run the world! Ex. of megalopolises in USA : Boston-New York- Washington D.C. Chicago-Detroit-Pittsburgh San Francisco-Los Angeles-San Diego

Montreal at a Glance Official language is French Population is approximately 4 million in the Montreal Metropolitan Area (2015)

Located along the St. Lawrence River. Lies in the center of a large, fertile plain left by the Champlain sea (13,000-10,000 yrs ago). Surrounded by a river system (St. Lawrence Seaway). Cultural features: Mount Royal, Olympic Stadium, etc.

Q5 Montreal: Growth Population of Mtl continues to increase mostly due to immigration. Today, immigrants make up more than 30% of the population, making Mtl a multiethnic city. MMA (Mtl Metropolitan Area) continues to expand as more and more people move off-island. Why? Running out of space.

URBAN SPRAWL in the Montreal Metropolitan Area http://spacingmontreal.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/AMT-od-study-territory-2010.jpg

Getting Around in Mtl It has always been a center for water transportation and travel, due to it’s unique location. Government has also built many canals and locks to ease the passage of larger ships into the St. Lawrence seaway.

Montreal has an international called airport (Pierre Elliott Trudeau). http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Trudeau_Airport_1.jpg

Mtl has an well-developed metro, bus and commuter train system. Due to the size of our Metropolitan Area, people use public transportation and cars to get around. Mtl has an well-developed metro, bus and commuter train system. However, most of us still use cars to get around. http://www.fixcas.com/news/2005/McInnis.jpg

Getting around in an urban environment There are many ways of getting around in the city: Car Bus Metro (subway Walk (pedestrian) Cycle (cyclist) The hustle and bustle of a city never stops!

Traffic jam on Montreal’s Champlain Bridge Traffic increases on main roads during the busiest hours of 7 to 9 a.m. and 5 to 7 p.m. Traffic jams are common on the bridges and highways that connect downtown Montreal to its suburbs.

Traffic jam during rush hour Each day, thousands upon thousands of cars and trucks travel the streets in large cities. People head to work and school, goods are transported for business, and so on. All this creates lots of traffic

Traffic and population growth Population growth has resulted in more and more people moving further and further away from the city center. This urban sprawl or growth, has forced suburbanites to use their cars to get to places – and for longer stretches. There are also more and more trucks on the roads as businesses expand across the city.

Consequences of traffic in cities: Lost time Frustration, stress and road rage Greenhouse gas emissions Traffic not only pollutes the city’s air but it endangers the health of its inhabitants.

Public transit: Good for everyone Large cities are trying to improve its public transit system in order to reduce pollution caused by gas emissions from cars. Not only does taking the bus save fuel ($) but it also preserves air quality too (protects our health).

A cycling-friendly city “BIXIS” Montreal has also made bikes available to its inhabitants. Montrealers have access to these bikes all over the city. Its also economical (money saving) and ecologically friendly)

Walking It eliminates parking problems in the city. It does not create pollution. It is a great way to get exercise.

The reality of transportation in Montreal Most commuters living in Montreal use their cars. Cars are convenient and get you to places faster. You do not have to rely on a schedule or deal with crowded spaces. Unfortunately, using cars contributes to the following consequences: Pollution (greenhouse gas emissions) Loss of green space Deterioration of infrastructure Traffic

a. Pollution Acid Rain (contaminates water & harms fish). Leads to health problems (breathing). Air pollution (a.k.a. smog).

b. Loss of Green Space The construction of more roads and highways is decreasing the amount of green space (farms) in the Montreal Metropolitan Area.

c) Infrastructure is falling apart (deteriorating) Thousands upon thousands of commuters use our roads, highways, bridges and public transit everyday. As a result, our roads, highways & bridges get damaged over time and must be repaired! Our municipal taxes are used to fix potholes and repave our streets.

Beltway: It is a highway that encircles a city so that traffic does not have to pass through the center of it. Heavy trucks damage concrete and asphalt, slow-down traffic, and cause serious accidents. M.M.A. does not have a beltway.

d. Traffic Potholes and huge cracks damage cars and slow down traffic. Traffic jams become more problematic as the population in the M.M.A. increases. More vehicles on our roads and ongoing road construction cause traffic too.

Means of Transportation Population going to work Although it's cheaper and faster to take public transit, most people living in MMA still use cars. Means of Transportation Population going to work CAR 70.4% PUBLIC TRANSIT 21.4% WALKED 5.7% BICYCLE 1.6% TAXI 0.2% MOTORCYCLE 0.1% OTHER 0.5%

Q6 Lane closures due to road repairs and accidents cause traffic too. Some of the major highways, expressways and service roads in the M.M.A. need more lanes.