How is a vaccination like sparring?

Which response (primary or secondary) is stimulated by a vaccine? Infection

How do vaccines protect us from disease? Vaccines activate the primary immune response (stimulate the body to produce antibodies and memory cells)

A boy receives the chicken pox vaccine A boy receives the chicken pox vaccine. A year later, he was exposed to the chicken pox but did not become ill. Why didn’t he develop chicken pox? Explain using the following terms: primary immune response, secondary immune response, memory cells, antibodies, antigen, vaccine

When the boy got the vaccine, it contained an antigen which activated his primary immune response. His white blood cells made antibodies to attack the antigen. His immune cells divided and left behind memory cells. When he got infected with actual chicken pox virus his memory cells made the secondary immune response fight the disease faster and stronger, so he didn’t even get sick. BFS!.

How do we know if a vaccine works?

Would it be ethical to do this with humans?

How do we know if a vaccine works in humans?

How do we know if a vaccine works in humans? Measles vaccine was licensed in 1962, Measles didn’t completely disappear after 1993; there have just been too few cases to show up on this graph.

Not again!!! The Second Shot Sometimes the person getting the vaccine does not create antibodies, and the person is not protected (5% of the time with the MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine). Second shot in the MMR series: After getting it, an additional 3 to 4 percent of people produce antibodies, leaving 1 to 2 percent unprotected.

Booster shots e.g. tetanus every ten years Why? Memory cells for this pathogen live for 10 years

Are Vaccines Dangerous?

who then sprout cows from their bodies. Dr. Jenner observed that milkmaids who had previously caught cowpox did not later catch smallpox. He showed that people inoculated with cowpox were protected against inoculated smallpox. 1802 painting of smallpox vaccine inventor Dr. Edward Jenner vaccinating a room full of people who then sprout cows from their bodies. Pox - any of several viral diseases producing a rash of pimples that become pus-filled and leave pockmarks on healing.

What were the conclusions of the Wakefield study? possible connection between the mumps-measles-rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism and/or gastrointestinal disease and autism

Measles https://karenvaxblog.wordpress.com/2015/08/26/is-vaccinating-a-private-choice/ http://healthpsych.psy.vanderbilt.edu/2008/mmrautism.htm https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3136032/ http://justthevax.blogspot.com/2014/03/75-studies-that-show-no-link-between.html

What is autism? a variable developmental disorder that appears by age three and is characterized by impairment of the ability to form normal social relationships, by impairment of the ability to communicate with others, and by stereotyped behavior patterns

What were the conclusions of the Wakefield study?

Wakefield’s 1998 press conference called for a boycott of the triple MMR vaccine suggested breaking it up into single measles, mumps and rubella shots, to be given at yearly intervals. "I can't support the continued use of these three vaccines, given in combination until this issue has been resolved."

How did the British journalist Brian Deer discover what Wakefield and his colleagues did wrong? He compared the reported diagnoses in the paper to hospital records 5 of the 12 children Wakefield studied had previously documented developmental problems (prior to their MMR vaccination) British journalist Brian Deer

What did the scientists do wrong in their study? Wakefield and colleagues altered facts about patients in their study sample size too small! The lab used to search for measles virus in the guts of the study subjects had been shown to have used flawed techniques, resulting in false positives British journalist Brian Deer

Conflict of Interest? Wakefield research had been funded through lawyers suing drug firms over MMR vaccine Wakefield filed for a patent (in 1997) on a “safer” single measles vaccine.

Why is it important for scientists to repeat the research of other scientists? Verification Wakefield’s results could not be replicated by other labs Several other studies with much larger sample sizes found no link between the MMR vaccine and autism

What do the results of this study suggest? There is no connection between the MMR vaccine and autism (the vaccine does not cause autism)

“Following the judgment of the UK General Medical Council's Fitness to Practise Panel on Jan 28, 2010, it has become clear that several elements of the 1998 paper by Wakefield et al are incorrect, contrary to the findings of an earlier investigation. In particular, the claims in the original paper that children were “consecutively referred” and that investigations were “approved” by the local ethics committee have been proven to be false. Therefore we fully retract this paper from the published record.”

Dr. Andrew Wakefield The General Medical Council ruled he had acted “dishonestly and irresponsibly” in doing his research.

Why was this study so significant?

What were two effects of Wakefield’s study on the public?

“antivaccinationists”

http://vaccinefreedom.blogspot.com/

Robert De Niro Tribeca Film Festival April 1, 2016

CDC Whistleblower Brian S. Hooker

A current Centers for Disease Control (CDC) senior scientist has made an unprecedented admission: he and his colleagues–he says– committed scientific misconduct to cover up a meaningful link between vaccines and autism in African American boys. omitted data suggested that African American males who received the MMR vaccine before age 36 months were at 340% increased risk for autism “scheduled a meeting to destroy documents related to the study. The remaining four co-authors all met and brought a big garbage can into the meeting room, and reviewed and went through all the hardcopy documents that we had thought we should discard, and put them into a huge garbage can.”

July 29, 2015

FALSE Claim: Data suppressed by the CDC proved that the Feb. 3rd 2015 Claim: Data suppressed by the CDC proved that the MMR vaccine produces a 340% increased risk of autism in African-American boys. FALSE

no biologically plausible reason why there would be an effect observed in African-Americans but no other race and, more specifically, in African-American males. in the discussion … lower vitamin D levels and the like in African American boys, but there really isn't a biologically plausible mechanism to account for his observation multiple other studies, many much larger than this one, failed to find a correlation between MMR and autism.

The US Government Has Paid out $3 Billion to Vaccine-Injured Americans Since 1989 The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services set up the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (NVICP) in 1988 to compensate individuals and families of individuals injured by covered childhood vaccines https://www.mctlawyers.com/vaccine-injury/process/

Office of Special Masters of the United States Courts of Federal Claims a.k.a. “Vaccine Court.” created in 1986 to protect pharmaceutical companies from lawsuits that were arising due to the many illnesses and injuries that were stemming from the company’s vaccination products protects the pharmaceutical industry by trying the cases and awarding damages from a federal excise tax added to the cost of each dosage of a vaccine. U.S. Court of Federal Claims

The Debate Over Vaccines Proponents vaccination is safe and one of the greatest health developments of the 20th century illnesses, including rubella, diphtheria, smallpox, polio, and whooping cough, are now prevented by vaccination millions of children’s lives are saved adverse reactions to vaccines are extremely rare. Opponents children’s immune systems can deal with most infections naturally injecting questionable vaccine ingredients into a child may cause side effects, including seizures, paralysis, and death numerous studies “prove” that vaccines may trigger problems like autism, ADHD, and diabetes.

Personal choice or Public health issue?

Survey Group (large paper)- Would you consider vaccines to be a public health issue requiring that they are mandated by the government, or a personal choice to be made within the home? Individual (small paper) - Is there a possible connection between the increased usage of vaccines and the rise of certain diseases/disorders? (Yes or No)

The Debate Over Vaccines Proponents vaccination is safe and one of the greatest health developments of the 20th century illnesses, including rubella, diphtheria, smallpox, polio, and whooping cough, are now prevented by vaccination millions of children’s lives are saved adverse reactions to vaccines are extremely rare. Opponents children’s immune systems can deal with most infections naturally injecting questionable vaccine ingredients into a child may cause side effects, including seizures, paralysis, and death numerous studies “prove” that vaccines may trigger problems like autism, ADHD, and diabetes.