Presentation 1 Fairen Angelin, Samson M. Sc  Presentation 1   Fairen Angelin, Samson M.Sc. Biotechnology Malaysia University of Science and Technology e-mail: fairen.jayakumar@must.edu.my Subject: BIO-DEFENCE & BIO-TERRORISM Date of submission: 26/05/2016    Submitted at,   Malaysia University of Science and Technology (MUST)

BIO-DEFENCE & BIO-TERRORISM

INTRODUCTION BIOTERRORISM BIODEFENCE Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the biological agents like bacteria, viruses, or toxins. Biological agents may be naturally occurring or genetically modified. Bioterrorism is used as bio-warfare, lately it is used in world war 2. Biodefense is a defence system against bio-warfare . Biodefense is considered a military or emergency response against Bio-war. Biodefense applies to civilian non-combatant and military combatant.

BIO-TERRORISM BIOTERRORISM attack is the release of viruses, bacteria, toxins or other harmful agents Which cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants. Viruses and bacteria can be altered to increase ability to cause disease, Resistant to medicines, Increase their ability to be spread into environment.

BIO-TERRORISM These modified biological agents are known to be Bioweapons. It can spread through the air, water, or in food. Terrorists use Bioweapons because they are difficult to detect and easy to lunch attacks. Some bioterrorism agents, like the smallpox virus, anthrax and plaque are easily spread in a pollution.

CATEGORIES OF BIO-WEAPON Bioweapons are the biological agents used in Bio-war/Bioterrorism, categorized as agents (A, B or C). Category B These agents are moderately easy to disseminate and have low mortality rates. Example: Staphylococcal enterotoxin B Category A These high-priority agents pose a risk to national security, easily transmitted and disseminated, result in high mortality. Example: Small pox, Anthrax Category C These agents are emerging pathogens that is engineered for mass dissemination, ease of production and dissemination, high mortality rate, or ability to cause a major health impact. Example: SARS, H1N1 (a strain of influenza)

HISTORY OF BIOTERRORSIM World War I begins attempts to use anthrax were directed. But ineffective. In 1972 , at Chicago two college students arrested, Allen Schwander and Stephen Pera, For planning to poison the city's water supply with typhoid and other bacteria.  1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack: In Oregon, followers of the Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh attempted to control a local election by incapacitating the local population. This was done by infecting public domains with Salmonella typhimurium bacteria.

Aum Shinrikyo anthrax release in Kameido : June 1993 the religious group Aum Shinrikyo  released anthrax in Tokyo, attack was a failure, infecting not a single person. 2001 - USA and Chile - Anthrax Attacks: In September and October 2001, several cases of anthrax broke out in the United States alerts media and inland security.

ANTHRAX

ANTHRAX

ANTHRAX AS BIO-WEAPON Anthrax is a non-contagious disease caused by bacterium Bacillus anthracis. An anthrax vaccine does exist but requires many injections for stable use. first modern incidence in biological warfare were the Scandinavian "freedom fighters" supplied by the German General Staff used anthrax results against the Imperial Russian Army in Finland in 1916.

In 1993, the Aum Shinrikyo used anthrax in an unsuccessful attempt in Tokyo with zero fatalities.  Anthrax was used in a series of attacks on the offices of several United States Senators in late 2001. The anthrax was in a powder form and it was delivered by the mail. The strain used in the 2001 anthrax attack was identical to the strain used by the  USAMRIID

2001 - USA and Chile - Anthrax Attacks Location Washington, D.C. West Palm Beach, Florida New York City, New York Date September 18, 2001– October 9, 2001 Target U.S. senators, media Attack type Bioterrorism Weapons military grade anthrax bacteria Deaths 5 Non-fatal injuries 17 Suspected perpetrators Bruce Edwards Ivins Motive unknown; possible terrorist connections

BIO-DEFENCE PRE -ATTACK POST- ATTACK public health and disease surveillance Identification of bioweapons Bio surveillance Antidote Preparedness Biological defence program Emergency response High level bio product alert Screening medicines and food products Vaccine production (Recombinant Bioweapon)

RESPONSE TO BIOTERRORISM INCIDENT OR THREAT Suspect investigation operations to claim bioweapon data Surveillance food processors. Drinking water systems. Strange flying objects. physiologic monitors. Analysis of antibiotics for bioweapon. Animal health surveillance for bioweapon infection. Decontaminating the infected. Response emergency (Quarantine).

HISTORY OF BIO DEFENCE In 1999, the University of Pittsburgh's Center for Biomedical Informatics deployed automated bioterrorism detection system, RODS (Real-Time Outbreak Disease Surveillance). 

Since the 2001 anthrax attacks, and the consequent expansion of federal bio- defense expenditures, USAMRIID has been joined at Fort Detrick by sister bio- defense agencies of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NIAID’s Integrated Research Facility) and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (the National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center and the National Bioforensic Analysis Center).