Psychology Chapter 1 What is Psychology Mrs. Kelly

JOURNAL Contrast the work of a clinical psychologist and a counseling psychologist.

Answer A clinical psychologist handles serious psychological problems such as depression; a counseling psychologist deal with people with adjustment problems.

sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? PSYCHOLOGY – is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes of human and nonhuman animals. (old) BEHAVIOR: any action that can be observed, measured and recorded. MENTAL PROCESSES: are the internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior. PSYCHOLOGY – is the science of behavior and the mental processes. (new) (anything an organism does) sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings

Birth of Psychology as a Science Before long, this new science of psychology became organized into different branches or schools of thought each promoted by different thinkers. These early schools included structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, gestalt and psychoanalysis. Birth of Psychology as a Science Psychological science as a formal discipline began in 1879 with the establishment of the first laboratory in Leipzig, Germany by Wilhelm Wundt. It was solely devoted to the scientific study of psychology. Wundt studied the complex concepts of consciousness by dividing the mind into component elements in a perspective later known as structuralism. Wundt used an experimental method called introspection (to be aware of one’s awareness from the inside of the mind)that involved having subjects report the content of their own mind as objectively as possible.

Birth of Psychology as a Science Functionalism is a theoretical school inspired by Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection; it focused on discovering the functions of behavior and mental processes that help organisms adapt to a changing environment. Structuralism focuses on the “what” of consciousness, while functionalism focuses on the “why” of consciousness. While structuralists were trying to assemble the structure of the mind (understanding a car) others were looking at the mind differently. William James published the first psychology textbook, The Principles of Psychology. William James considered how our thoughts and feelings function. He not only published the first psychology textbook, The Principles of Psychology, he founded the school of thought, functionalism.

CLOSING Define mental process and give 3 examples.

JOURNAL Explain the difference in the way that Freud conducted research and the way that psychologist such as Wundt, Watson, and Skinner conducted research.

ANSWER Wundt, Watson and Skinner conducted research in a lab; Freud theories came from his interactions with his patients.

PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Like different academic disciplines, psychology has varied approaches or perspectives which ask different questions. These perspectives have different levels of analysis. By using multiple perspectives the different levels of analysis are integrated into one viewpoint; Biopsychosocial approach.

Perspectives Perspectives Key Characteristics Contributors Psychoanalytic (early 1900’s to present) * The unconscious mind influences behavior. * Unconscious motives and childhood experiences influence personality. Sigmund Freud Carl Jung Alfred Adler Biological (1950’s to present) * Biological processes, especially in the brain, influence mental processes and behavior. * Biology and genetics, not environmental factors, determine behavior. Norman Geschwind Donald Hebb Cognitive (1950’s to present) * Perceptions and thoughts are major influences of behavior. * The brain processes, stores, and retrieves information, such as language. Jean Piaget Norm Chomsky Humanistic (1950’s to present) * Each individual’s sense of self influences his or her behavior. * People make free and conscious choices. Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow

Perspectives Continued Key Characteristics Contributors Sociocultural (1960’s to present) * Thinking and behavior is influenced by social and cultural identification. * Psychology should not neglect gender, ethnic, and socioeconomic factors. Lev Vygotsky Kenneth Clark Mamie Clark Evolutionary/ Sociobiological (1980’s to present) * Natural selection influences behavior and thinking. * Behaviors and thoughts that help ensure survival are passed on hereditarily over time. David Buss Leda Cosmides John Tooby Behavioral (1920 – to present) *Science is rooted in observation. * You cannot observe a sensation, a feeling, or a thought, but you can observe & record behavior in different situations. Reinforcement John B. Watson B.F. Skinner Today few psychologists would describe themselves as structuralists or functionalists. Traditional behaviorists and psychoanalysts have also been declining in recent years. It is important to remember that the approaches are not mutually exclusive, but rather are complementary tools that shed light from different angles.

CLOSING Using one of the perspectives describe how a psychologist would explain aggression.

JOURNAL How has psychanalytic theory and practice changed in recent years.

ANSWER Today’s psychoanalysts focus less on the role of the unconscious and more on conscious choice and self- direction. Psychoanalytic theory no longer dominates the field as it once did.

Major Subfields Biopsychology This area of psychology is known by a number of titles including behavioral neuroscience, psychobiology, and neuropsychology. Biopsychologists study the relationship between the brain and behavior, such as how the brain and nervous system impact our thoughts, feeling, and moods. This field can be thought of as a combination of basic psychology and neuroscience. Clinical Psychology Clinical psychology is the largest specialty area in psychology. These psychologists apply psychological principles and research to assess, diagnose, and treat patients with mental and emotional illnesses. Clinicians often work in private practices, but many also work in community centers or at universities and colleges.

Major Subfields Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology focuses on understanding the mental processes of how people think. Problem-solving, decision-making, language, intelligence, and attention are just a few of the topics studied by cognitive psychologists. Cognitive psychologists often use an information-processing model to describe how the mind works, suggesting that the brain stores and processes information much like a computer.

Major Subfields Developmental Psychology Developmental psychologists study the physical and cognitive development that occurs over the course of the lifespan. These psychologists generally specialize in an area such as infant, child, adolescent, or geriatric development, while others may study the effects of developmental delays. Experimental Psychology Experimental psychologists utilize the scientific method to study a while range of human behaviors and psychological phenomena. Experimental psychology is often viewed as a distinct subfield within psychology, but experimental techniques and methods are actually used extensively throughout every subfield of psychology. Some of the methods used in experimental psychology include experiments, correlational studies, case studies, and naturalistic observation.

Major Subfields Forensic Psychology Forensic psychologists apply psychological principles to legal issues. This may involve studying criminal behavior and treatments, or working directly in the court system. Forensic psychologists often conduct evaluations, screen witnesses, or provide testimony in court cases. Health Psychology Health psychology is centered on understanding how psychological, biological, social, and environmental factors influence health and wellness. Health psychologists are often deal with health-related issues such as weight management, smoking cessation, stress management, and nutrition. They also design prevention programs designed to educate people about risky behaviors and adopt healthier ones.

Major Subfields Industrial-Organizational Psychology •Psychologists in this field apply psychological principles to research on workplace issues such as productivity and behavior. •Some psychologists in this field work in areas such as human factors, ergonomics, and human-computer interaction. •Research in this field is known as applied research because it seeks to solve real world problems. Personality Psychology •Personality psychologists study the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior that make each person unique. •These psychologists often work in academic settings as instructors or researchers.

CLOSING Describe the work done by developmental psychologists.

JOURNAL Compare and contrast traditional behaviorism and social learning theory.

MEMORY REST TIRED AWAKE DREAM SNORE BED EAT SLUMBER SOUND COMFORT WAKE NIGHT

“Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz.” Insight How would you rearrange the letters in the words new door to make one word.(There is only one answer.) 2. It is impossible for anyone to survive longer than one week without drinking, yet Abdullah managed a ten-day desert crossing without finding water or bringing any along. How was this possible? 3. What is so unusual about the sentence below? (Aside form the fact that it doesn’t make a lot of sense.) “Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz.” A well known fashion designer, wanting to escape the hustle and bustle of the city, decided to spend a few days at a rural resort. After a day of relaxing, she went for a winter stroll to get some fresh air. That was the last time anyone saw her alive. The autopsy revealed that her death was due to the pack on her back. What was so deadly about this pack? 5. How can you stand behind your father while he is standing behind you? Even if they are starving, natives living in the Arctic will never eat penguin’s egg. Why not?

CHARMING STUDENT BEER FOOD CATCHER HOT BITTER FEET HEARTED DARK SHOT SUN CANADIAN GOLF SANDWICH TUG GRAVY SHOW ATTORNEY SELF SPENDING MAGIC PITCH POWER ARM COAL PEACH TYPE GHOST STORY

The Hospital Room Program Instructions: Use the following information to answer the questions below. Five people are in a hospital. Each one has only one disease, and each has a different disease. Each one occupies a separate room; room numbers are 101 – 105. The person with asthma is in Room 101. Ms. Jones has heart disease. Ms. Green is in Room 105. Ms. Smith has tuberculosis. The woman with mononucleosis is in Room 104. Ms. Thomas is in Room 101. One of the patients, other than Ms. Anderson, has gall bladder disease. Question: What disease does Ms. Anderson have and in what room is she?