A New Kind of War Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus The World War I Battlefield War on the Home Front Battles on the Western Front War around the World Map: World War I Battles, 1915-1917

A New Kind of War Main Idea Reading Focus With the introduction of new types of warfare and new technologies, World War I resulted in destruction on a scale never before imagined. Reading Focus How was the World War I battlefield different than those of earlier wars? How did the war affect the home front? What happened on the Western Front? How did the war spread around the world?

World War I and the Russian Revolution Section 2: A New Kind Of War Stalemate on the Western Front Unexpected Belgian resistance and the efforts of British and French troops ended Germany’s plan for a quick victory over France. Geography Interactive: The Western Front and the Eastern Front, 1914-1918 Witness History Video: World War I: A New Kind of War Note Taking Transparency 170A Technology of Modern Warfare Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “Why did the soldier find the singing of the birds so touching?” (The peaceful, ordinary singing of the birds was such a contrast to the death and destruction surrounding him.) When showing Color Transparency 158, discuss with students how this aircraft was utilized in World War I. When showing Color Transparency 159, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion on the mechanized nature of World War I battles. The new use of machine guns, artillery guns, poison gas, tanks, airplanes and submarines all changed the tactics required to win the war. Color Transparency 158: The Sopwith Camel Note Taking Transparency 170B 2 of 8

Fighting in 1914 Germany’s plan Early battles Russia enters fighting Germany wanted to quickly defeat France, move east to fight Russia Great Britain’s declaration of war on Germany doomed its plan The Great War became bloody stalemate Early battles Battle of the Frontiers pitted German troops against both French and British Both sides suffered heavy losses Germany victorious Russia enters fighting Russia attacked German territory from the east Russians defeated in Battle of Tannenberg Germany distracted from France, Allies turned on German invaders

The World War I Battlefield Trench warfare begins Allied troops drove Germans back, Battle of the Marne, September 1914 Retreating Germans dug series of trenches along Aisne River Waited in trenches for Allied attack Trenches elaborately constructed, cleverly concealed Allies dug trenches of their own Major battles for months with little change in positions Deadlocked region became known as Western Front

The World War I Battlefield New weapons Poison gas, other new weapons response to massive deadlock Two systems of trenches stretched hundreds of miles, western Europe Millions of Allied and Central Powers soldiers in trenches of Western Front Trench warfare Trench warfare not new idea Soldiers had long hidden behind mounds of earth Scale of 1914 Europe trench warfare never before experienced Life in trenches Rainstorms produced deep puddles, mud Lice, rats, bad sanitation constant problems Removing dead bodies often impossible

The World War I Battlefield Over the top Soldiers ordered out of trenches to attack enemy Sprinting across area known as “no-man’s-land” a deadly game Thousands on both sides died, cut down by enemy guns New weapons Neither side able to make significant advances on enemy’s trenches Each side turned to new weapons like poison gas Value limited, both sides developed gas masks More effective Other new weapons more effective than poison gas Rapid-fire machine guns in wide use Artillery and high-explosive shells, enormous destructive power

The World War I Battlefield Tanks and Aircraft Tanks pioneered by British Could cross rough battlefield terrain Reliability was a problem Aircraft most useful At beginning of war, mostly for observation Soon had machine guns, bombs attached Faster airplanes useful in attacking cities, battlefields

World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 2 Color Transparency 158: The Sopwith Camel 5 of 8

World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 2 Color Transparency 159: The Mule Track by Paul Nash 7 of 8

How did new technology affect the World War I battlefield? Summarize How did new technology affect the World War I battlefield? Answer(s): New technologies such as poison gas and rapid-firing machine guns made the battlefield more dangerous; faster airplanes proved useful in attacking battlefield positions, factories, and cities; neither side was able to gain an advantage.

Battles on the Western Front While people on the home front supported their troops, the war in Western Europe was going badly for the Allied Powers. Italy joined Allied Powers, May 1915 Sent forces against Austria-Hungary at border with Italy Series of back-and-forth battles Little progress made The Italian Front Germans planned assault on French fortress, Verdun Believed French would defend fortress at all costs Battle of Verdun meant to kill, injure as many French soldiers as possible 400,000 French casualties in 10 months of fighting, almost as many for Germany The Battle of Verdun

The Third Battle of Ypres The Battle of the Somme British launched attack in Somme River area to pull German troops away from Verdun Main assault during 1916, but no major breakthrough Both sides lost great number of troops; British suffered nearly 60,000 casualties on the first day of fighting The Third Battle of Ypres Failed French offensive caused rebellion among French soldiers, spring 1917 British began offensive near Ypres, Belgium, site of German attacks Third Battle of Ypres a disaster for British After 3 years of battle, front lines remained virtually unchanged

What was the result of the battles on the Western Front? Summarize What was the result of the battles on the Western Front? Answer(s): Both sides suffered extreme casualties, but the front lines remained virtually unchanged.

World War I and the Russian Revolution Section 2: A New Kind Of War Battle on Other European Fronts On the eastern front, Russia made some progress before retreating. In the Balkans, Bulgaria and Romania joined in on opposites sides of the War, and Italy joined in on the side of the Allies. Color Transparency 159: The Mule Track by Paul Nash War Around the World The Ottoman Turks joined the Central Powers in 1914 and cut supply routes to Russia from the Mediterranean. In the Caucasus Mountains, Turkey fought Russia. African and Asian colonies were also involved in the war effort. Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “Why did the soldier find the singing of the birds so touching?” (The peaceful, ordinary singing of the birds was such a contrast to the death and destruction surrounding him.) When showing Color Transparency 158, discuss with students how this aircraft was utilized in World War I. When showing Color Transparency 159, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion on the mechanized nature of World War I battles. Geography Interactive: The Ottoman Empire, 1914-1918 QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency 3 of 8

War around the World Much of the early fighting took place in Europe, but the conflict quickly became a true world war as fighting spread around the globe. Over 30 nations officially took sides in the war. Ottoman Empire joined Central Powers, late 1914 Controlled sea passage, Dardanelles Used by Allies to ship supplies to Russia Gallipoli Campaign Allies landed force on Gallipoli Peninsula Attempted to destroy guns, forts on Dardanelles Gave up after months of fighting, 200,000 deaths Spring 1915 Ottoman subjects in Arabian Peninsula rebelled later in war British sent T.E. Lawrence to support Arabs Arabs overthrew Ottoman rule Major Loss

War around the World Armenian Massacre Caucasus Use of Force Different conflict elsewhere in Ottoman Empire during Gallipoli Campaign Russia launched attack in Caucasus Caucasus Mountain region between Black and Caspian seas Home to ethnic Christian Armenians, minority in Muslim Ottoman Empire Use of Force Ottoman leaders claimed Armenians aided Russians Began forcibly removing Armenians from Caucasus, spring 1915 Violence, starvation 600,000 Armenians died in massacre Ottoman leaders accused of genocide, destruction of racial, political or cultural group

War around the World Other Fighting War also fought in Asia and Africa Japan declared war on Germany Part of military agreement with Great Britain Japanese captured German colonies in China British, French attacked German colonies in Africa Allied colonies scattered around world made contributions to war Some colonists worked as laborers to keep armies supplied Others fought, died in battles in hope of winning independence Hopes were in vain

World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 2 Note Taking Transparency 170A 4 of 8

In what areas of the world did the war take place? Summarize In what areas of the world did the war take place? Answer(s): Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Pacific

World War I and the Russian Revolution Section 2: A New Kind Of War Witness History Audio: A Soldier on the Western Front: Richard Schmeider Witness History Audio: With Our Boys at the Front, part 1 Witness History Audio: Gas Shells Bombardment Witness History Audio: World War I Dogfight Witness History Audio: Waltzing Matilda Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “Why did the soldier find the singing of the birds so touching?” (The peaceful, ordinary singing of the birds was such a contrast to the death and destruction surrounding him.) When showing Color Transparency 158, discuss with students how this aircraft was utilized in World War I. When showing Color Transparency 159, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion on the mechanized nature of World War I battles. Witness History Audio: With Our Boys at the Front, part 2 1 of 8

World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 2 Note Taking Transparency 170B 6 of 8

World War I and the Russian Revolution: Section 2 Progress Monitoring Transparency 8 of 8

What were the major events of the fighting in 1914? Summarize What were the major events of the fighting in 1914? Answer(s): Germany advanced through Belgium to attack France; Russia attacked East Prussia; Russians crushed in Battle of Tannenberg; British and French forces regrouped; millions died or were wounded; trench warfare resulted in a stalemate