The Skeletal System

I) Bones: An Overview A. Parts of Skeletal System STUDY QUESTIONS List the parts of the Skeletal System and **Define the Axial and Appendicular Subdivisions. A. Parts of Skeletal System Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments B. Subdivisions Define *Axial *Appendicular

C. Functions of Bones Explain *Support: *Protect: *Muscles: *Store: *Blood cell: STUDY QUESTION **List and explain the Bone functions.

D. Classification of Bones 206 1. Structural Types Compact bone Spongy bone STUDY QUESTION What are the two structural types of Bone and how are they different? Figure 5.2b

2. Types by Shape ** List and Explain the Shape Types of Bones. Figure 5.1

D. Structure of a Long Bone *Diaphysis- explain *Epiphysis- explain Periosteum OBJECTIVES Identify and explain the anatomical areas of a long bone.

*Articular cartilage: explain Anatomy of a Long Bone … Arteries *Articular cartilage: explain Epiphyseal plate = Epiphyseal line =

*Medullary cavity: define *Location: Types Marrow Anatomy of a Long Bone … *Medullary cavity: define *Location: Types Marrow In Adults & Infants

E. Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling 1. Growth & Formation: Two Methods in Embryos a. Dense connective tissue plates: b. Cartilage models: 2. Growth & Formation: Birth to Adult a. Dense connective plates:  Bony plates with Sutures showing where bones grew together b. Cartilage Models: i) Bone grows due: ii) Cartilage Model: iii) Finally Epiphyseal Plates: c. Cartilage present only:

Bone Growth (Ossification) 3. Bone remodeling: a. = old bone: new bone: b. Cells: Osteocytes Osteoclasts Osteoblasts Microscopic Pits

i) Blood calcium level Homeostasis: OBJECTIVES Summarize the events of bone remodeling throughout life. 3. Bone remodeling … c. Functions: i) Blood calcium level Homeostasis: ii) Response to Gravity & muscle activity– New Bone

F. Bone Fractures 1. Fracture (Table 5.1)= a) Basic Types explain *Closed *Open b) Specific Types explain *Comminuted *Spiral Types 2. Treatment Reduction Immobilization OBJECTIVES Name and describe the three types of fractures discussed in class.

Common Types of Fractures Table 5.2

G. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture STUDY QUESTION Describe the stages of healing a bone fracture. Hematoma Hematoma formation 1. *Hematoma: define Figure 5.5, step 1

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Hematoma External callus New blood vessels Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation 2. Fibrocartilage callus Figure 5.5, step 2

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Hematoma External callus New blood vessels Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Bony callus formation 3. Bony Callus Figure 5.5, step 3

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Hematoma External callus Healed fracture New blood vessels Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodeling 4. Remodeling of Bony Callus Figure 5.5, step 4

H. Bone Markings and Functions Table 5.1 1. *Projections or processes Define 2. *Depressions or cavities Define 3. *Foramens or Canals Define 4. Articulate

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