Thermal and Moisture Protection

Major Topics Waterproofing Dampproofing Membrane Clay Cementitious Hot-applied Cold-applied

Major Topics con’t Building Insulation Roofing Rigid Mineral Fiber Loose-fill Foamed-in-place Roofing Low slope vs. steep Types of roofing materials

Major Topics con’t Flashing Siding Sealants

Waterproofing As defined in ASTM D1079: “the treatment of a surface or a structure to prevent the passage of water under hydrostatic pressure.”

Membrane Fluid-applied membranes are usually: Polyurethane Hot Rubberized Asphalt – not as elastic as polyurethane and requires a thicker coat

Sheet Membranes Butyl synthetic rubber sheet [60 mils thick] Ethylene propylene diene monomers (EPDM) [min. 1/16” thick] Pre-molded bituminous [7 ply] Rubberized asphalt [56 mils] Self-adhesive butyl [60 mils- requires adhesive primer]

Bituminous Usually applied on vertical below-grade surfaces Hot coal-tar pitch or hot asphalt The number of plies, overall thickness, and content vary according to the depth of the hydrostatic head (in ft. – all increase as the depth increases)

Clay waterproofing Bentonite clay – when wet, it expands to between 10 to 15 times its dry volume. It is typically mixed with water & sprayed in place (also available in dry sheets between cardboard) Placed below grade to exterior surfaces

Cementitious Waterproofing Composed of portland cement, aggregate, and an acrylic or plastic admix. It may also contain iron fillers (then known as iron oxide waterproofing) Hydraulic cement – another form of cementitious waterproofing used to seal holes, cracks and open joints (often in free-flowing water)

Dampproofing May be hot- or cold- applied Hot consists of an asphalt primer or a coal-tar-based primer Used on the exterior of buildings- not interior because of lingering odor and the problems associated with using “hot” products indoors.

Building Insulation Usually added to the roof, walls, and floors of a structure 4 basic classifications are: Rigid board Mineral fiber Loose fill Foamed-in-place Listed according to their R-Values

Rigid Insulation Usable in all parts of a building –usually in a board form Most are [Resistance/inch]: Polystyrene – sensitive to daylight, give off carbon monoxide while burning Polyurethane [6.25] – may expand after exposure to moisture Polyisocyanurate [7.2] Perlite [2.78] – will not burn, tends to absorb water Phenolic [8.3] –breaks easily, corrodes metal Cellular glass block- [2.5] – breaks easily, deteriorates if exposed to freezing & thawing Organic fiber – roofing systems primary use, wood fibers and water resistant binders Glass fiber Composites – take advantage of high R-values of some materials in combination with the stability of others

Mineral Fiber Insulation Products made from fibers from rock, slag, or glass Naturally resistant to fire, moisture, and vermin May be semi-rigid boards, batts, or blankets (longer than batts and sold in large rolls). Intended to fit between studs (16” or 24” o.c.)

Loose-fill Insulation Comprised of fibers, granules, or chips May be poured or “blown” into attics or wall cavities Common additives may include: adhesives, and chemical treatments to resist fire and vermin

Foamed-in-place Insulation Created by a chemical reaction that expands a mixture of components as much as 30 times Curing typically takes from 24-72 hours, at which time the mixture solidifies into a cellular plastic Care must be taken not to “overfill” a cavity

Roofing Low slope – in general, these are roofs which slope less than 11/2”/ft. On low slope roofs a system of compatible components is selected to work together to form a waterproof membrane Common systems used are: built-up roof or single-ply

Examples of Single-Ply Membranes EPDM – factory cured elastomer, bonded to themselves using adhesives CSPE (DuPont Hypalon) –synthetic rubber, may also be liquid CPE – un-reinforced or polyester reinforced sheet material PIB – formulated from isobutylene and other polymers, carbon black, and additional additives

Example of Built-up Roof

Steep Roofing Slopes exceed 11/2”/ft. Many materials used in modern roofing practices existed centuries ago (clay tiles, and stone) Material used is based on: cost criteria, slope of roof, expected service life, wind resistance, fire resistance, and local climate.

Roofing Material and Slope Min. Slope Type of roof 2 in 12 Asphalt shingles 3 in 12 Mineral fiber-cement shingles, wood shakes or shingles 4 in 12 Slate shingles, concrete tile (other than flat) 5 in 12 Flat clay tile, concrete tile

Roofing Underlayment Should be asphalt-saturated felt (usually a No. 15 or No. 30 used, may require more than 1 layer-depending on roofing material selected) Applied immediately after the roof sheathing is in place

Underlayment Performs These Functions: Protects sheathing from moisture absorption Prevents the entrance of wind-driven rain onto sheathing Prevents direct contact between asphalt shingles and resinous areas in wood sheathing (chemically incompatible-may damage shingles)

Types of Roofing Materials Asphalt shingles Slate Tile Mineral-Fiber-Cement shingles Wood shingles and shakes Metal

Roofing Styles

Examples

Examples

Examples of Roofing http://www.tricityroofing.com/types.html

Comparison of Types of Roofing http://aihomeinspection.com/exterior.html

Flashing Should be installed at all intersections of other roofs, walls, and projections from roof. Flashing should be made of corrosion resistant materials such as: Galvanized or stainless steel (min 26 gauge) Aluminum (0.019 inch min.) –avoid using next to masonry Copper (16 oz.) –if not lead coated…may stain surrounding materials Flexible sheet- made of PVC or modified polymers-used in single-ply & some BUR

Typical Locations for Flashing Valleys –joint formed by 2 sloping roofs Chimney Eaves – ice forming along the eaves Drip edge All roof penetrations

Siding The type of wall siding selected depends on cost, expected life service, wind resistance, fire resistance, local climate, and maintenance. Possible materials include: Mineral-Fiber-Cement shingles Wood shingles & shakes Aluminum and Vinyl siding Wood or Hardboard siding Bevel, Tongue & Groove, Lap, Board and Batten

Sealants Basic types of building sealants include: Elastomeric (rubber like) –polysulfides, silicone, polyurethane [expansion joints] Solvent release curing [small-joints (3/16” or less] Latex emulsion [small interior joints, doors,windows] Tape [glazing, concealing lap joints] Acoustical [seal sound transmission, electrical outlets] Preformed Foam Oil-based caulking compounds [doors, windows, masonry subject to little or no movement]