THERMAL ASPECTS

Heat Transfer Heat Gain Heat Loss Summer Heat enters through walls and openings when the temperature outside is warmer than the temperature inside. This is referred to as heat gain. Winter Heat loss occurs through the building structure, including the walls, windows, doors, and roof. The structure requires additional heating due to the heat loss and incoming infiltrating air.

Summer Heat Gain Solar heat gain through walls, windows, door, and roof Cold mass heat gain from equipment such as computers, coffee makers, etc. Lighting heat gain

How ‘Heat’ Moves Define “Heat”: Heat is the movement of thermal energy from a substance at a higher temperature to another substance at a lower temperature. Conduction Convection Radiation

Conduction: Transmission of heat through material Conduction: Transmission of heat through material. The amount of heat transfer by conduction depends on : 1) Temperature difference 2) Thickness of solid medium 3) Area of exposure 4) Time for which the heat flow takes place 5) Conductivity of the material

Convection: Heat is transmitted by convection in fluids and gases, due to circulation. Air movement causes the heat insulation, and excessive air change should be avoided. Radiation: Heat is transfer by radiation (through space) in the form of radiant energy .When the radiation strikes on object, some of the energy is absorbed and transformed into heat and some of the energy one of the ways of reducing heat absorption from radiation is to introduce a suitable reflecting surface.

General Principle of Thermal Insulations The materials used in the construction should have a high degree of heat resistance per unit of thickness i.e. the materials should have adequate heat insulation value and low heat conductivity. The thermal resistance of the material directly varies with its thickness and hence depending upon the insulation desired, the material of an adequate heat insulation values and adequate thickness should be used. The provision of air space in materials for walls roof ,ceiling etc. offers very good insulation against heat transmission. The presence of air spaces in materials incenses thermal insulation, where as the presence of the moisture decreases the this value. The thermal insulation of the building in general and of doors and windows in particular depends on its orientation w.r.t movement of sun. The building should be so located that there is min transfer of solar heat during the day in summer and the is max transfer of solar heat during the day in winter. Thermal insulation to some extent can be achieved by adopting general measures such as –use of sun shading devices like sun breakers, etc., increasing the height of ceiling (about 1 to 1.3 m abv. The occupants’ height), increase the height of the parapet walls when the altitude angle of the sun is low etc.

Prevention of heat transfer in summer from exterior to interior. Thermal insulation of external shell like floors, roofs ext. wall to be adequate. Lesser temp. diff. between outside and inside. Lesser overexposed area of external part of the building. The area of door and window exposed outside should be minimum. As the heat transfer is 3 time that of the walls, so the orientation should be w.r.t sun movement. The air space, cracks, openings, etc. should not exit in roof, walls as heat transfer will take place through air infiltration.

Prevention of heat transfer in winter from interior to exterior. The air flow which displaces the hot air inside the building with the outside cold air , which usually takes place through doors, windows , ventilation, etc. should be controlled.

Thermal Insulation Material 1.Slab or block insulation: Blocks or board 2.5mmthk., 60cm x 120cm in area. 2. Blanket Insulation: These are flexible fibrous rolls made from mineral wool, cotton, animal hair, etc available in thk. Of 12mm to 80mm. 3.Bat insulating material These are similar to blanket insulations except that these are small in size of grater thickness- they are also spared on surface of the wall and ceiling. 4. Insulating Boards. These are used for the interior lining of walls , also for the partition walls, structural insulation board is manuf. Making pulp of the wood, cane or other material and then pressing them in form of boards by adding suitable adhesive. 5. Reflective sheet material: Reflective sheet materials have high reflective and low emissivity , thus offering high heat resistance. Solar energy striking reflective surface gets reflected and amount of heat which may get transmitted is greatly reduced. This may consist of gypsum board steel sheet reflective materials, alum. Foils , sheet alu. Reflective material.

The choice of insulating material depends upon: 1)Cost of the material 2) Area to be covered 3) Standard of insulation required and 4) Coat of heating or cooling.

Insulating material should have the following properties : It should have high thermal resistance It should be reasonably fire proof It should be insect proof It should be durable It should be non- absorbent of moisture It should be cheaper It should be readily available

Methods of Heat Insulation or thermal Insulation: Heat enters in to building through: roofs, terraces, walls, windows, doors, opening etc: Method of heat insulating the roofs: In case of installing the heat resisting material it can be placed above but below the waterproof course. In case of internal application the material may be fixed with adhesive , on the underside of roofs with in the rooms. The false ceiling of insulating materials may be as shown in fig. as false ceiling Rcc slab. Suspenders False ceiling

Shining or reflective insulation material may be installed or laid on the top of the roof. Flat roof may be kept cool by flooded water either by storing or spraying . White washing of the roof before each summer also helps in heat insulation. Suitable shading device on the exposed surface also reduce the surface temp.

Method of heat insulating the exposed walls The thickness of the walls may be increased depending upon the extent of insulation derived Hollow walls or cavity wall construction may be adopted For partition walls, air space may be adopted by fixing the sheathing of hard boards or battens on either side of the wall. White wash or distemper of light colour may be applied on the exposed surface of the wall to incense thermal insulating value. The wall may be constructed out of suitable heat insulating material, provide structure requirements are met like cement concrete , fiber class sand stone, granite, timber and other which should have high thermal resistivity and low thermal conductivity.

Heat insulation with different methods and materials. Brick tiles 4cm thk. 5cm thk. 10cm thk. Cement Plaster Foam Plaster Rcc slb Brick walls Brick wall Cement Plaster Foam Plastic 115mm thk, 50mm thk, air gap 230mm thk,

Method of insulation of exposed windows, doors, ventilators Reduction of incidence of solar heat: by use of external shading, such as louvered shutters, sun breakers, chajjas or weather shed, by adopting internal shading such as curtain in heavy folds, venetian blinds, etc. Reduction of heat transmission: Where glazed door and windows are provided ,the reduction of heat transmission may be achieved by insulating glass or double glaze with air gap in between or by any other suitable means.

Thermal Insulation and its advantage. Thermal insulation is retention of temp. with in the buildings irrespective of the change in temperature outside the building. It maintains the comfort conditions during summer the thermal insulation should not allow the heat to transfer from out side – and during winters the heat should not leave the building thus giving comfort for the users. Thermal insulation in building results in living and working indoor- conditions because it keeps the room cool in summer and warmer in winter. Due to the Thermal insulation, the demand of heating in winter and cooling in summer is considerably reduced. This results in lot of fuel saving and maintenance cost. The use of thermal insulation material further reduces the risk of water freezing in case of pipes and heat loss of hot water system.

COOLING DEVICES Central Air System Where possible, space cooling for HVAC applications shall be provided by a central air distribution system that utilizes chilled water as its source of cooling. The use of unitary or terminal cooling equipment that incorporate fans, filters and condensate drain pans shall be avoided.

Chilled water System Chilled water is a commodity often used to cool a building's air and equipment, especially in situations where many individual rooms must be controlled separately, such as a hotel. Chilled water cooling is very different from typical residential air conditioning where water is pumped from the chiller to the air handler unit to cool the air. Regardless of who provides it, the chilled water (between 4° and 7°C (39-44 °F)) is pumped through an air handler, which captures the heat from the air, then disperses the air throughout the area to be cooled

Thank you ;) Riddhi Shah Chirag Manek Sanjay Malviya Abhishek Trivedi Riddhi Dama Aakash Gajjar