INTRODUCTION TO SOPREMA Welcome …. Housekeeping items out of the way – bathrooms, breaks for your phone / emails, etc. We are going to spend about 20 minutes this morning discussing our company background. Self-introductions and any questions you have before we begin today. How many of you have worked with SOPREMA before? How many of you know that SOPREMA manufactures and sells systems other than roofing?

SOPREMA HISTORY A leader and pioneer in the industry Charles Geisen started SOPREMA in 1908 A leader and pioneer in the industry Developed one of the first modern waterproofing membranes by dipping jute cloth into hot bitumen (asphalt) We will not spend a lot of time on this as you can read all on-line.

SOPREMA HISTORY Company Timeline 1992, Pierre-Etienne Bindschedler is named CEO Great-grandson of Pierre Geisen He is the third CEO in the company's history The most important part of our history is that we have had only 3 CEOs in SOPREMA worldwide since 1908. This gives our company great continuity and a long-term outlook on the business – not a short-term “return” mentality. ONLY if asked … the owner has two sons in their early twenties (2016) so the expectation is to remain in the family indefinitely.

SOPREMA IS A GLOBAL COMPANY SOPREMA has grown 10X over since Pierre-Etienne Binschedler over in 1992. We are now present in most of the globe. $2B in annual sales 7 R&D centers HOME OFFICE HEAD OFFICE 49 manufacturing plants 53 Soprema enterprise locations OFFICES & PLANTS

UNDERSTANDING THE CRITICAL ELEMENTS OF AIR & VAPOR BARRIERS

HEALTH, SAFETY & WELFARE CREDIT This is an AIA-approved continuing education presentation offering one (1) HSW CEU for participating AIA members.

COURSE DESCRIPTION Wall system applications are becoming more and more common in the building envelope industry today. Explore the science behind wall systems and the tangible benefits of incorporating this technology into building structures. There is an emphasis on the differences between air barriers and vapor barriers and which is the best given climate and wall assembly.

ACCREDITATION STATEMENT SOPREMA, Inc. is a registered provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of completion for non-AIA members are available upon request. This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES Define wall system terms, specifically the difference between an air barrier and a vapor barrier Explore the science of wall systems, including the potential impact on energy savings and the beneficial health effects of controlling moisture migration into living environments Explore the detrimental impact of moisture infiltration into building materials and the safety concerns inherent in unsafe structures Determine the proper wall system to use for a given climate in order to limit air and moisture movement and ensure the comfort and safety of building occupants

The Science of Wall Systems Energy Savings Effects of Air Leakage TOPICS Defining Terms The Science of Wall Systems Energy Savings Effects of Air Leakage Durability Wall System Options

DEFINING TERMS

DEFINING TERMS Air Barrier Definition Air Barrier Material designed to control the movement of air Vapor permeable air barrier MOISTURE MOVEMENT/ VAPOR DRIVE AIR MOVEMENT Brick Veneer Air Barrier Exterior Construction Board Fiberglass Insulation Interior Wall Board 1 2 3 4 5

DEFINING TERMS Vapor Barrier Definition Vapor Barrier Material designed to control the movement of moisture by vapor diffusion Air/vapor barrier Non-permeable air barrier Vapor diffusion retarder Brick Veneer Vapor Barrier Exterior Construction Board Fiberglass Insulation Interior Wall Board MOISTURE MOVEMENT/ VAPOR DRIVE AIR MOVEMENT 1 2 3 4 5

THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS

THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Importance of Air Barriers “ Air movement is the dominant factor in the transport of moisture through building envelope assemblies. It is also an important component of heat transfer. Many problems concerning building envelope deterioration can be attributed to inadequate or failed air barriers.” – National Research Council Canada

STRUCTURAL DURABILITY THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS The 3 Core Benefits of Air Barriers ENERGY SAVINGS EFFECTS OF AIR LEAKAGE STRUCTURAL DURABILITY

ENERGY SAVINGS

THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Energy Savings Cuts down the heating and cooling costs for the building by controlling air leakage Air Leakage: Uncontrolled air movement leading to heat loss and high energy costs In order to avoid air leakage, air barrier must be sealed, continuous and air impermeable

HOT OUTSIDE, COOL INSIDE INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Energy Savings HOT OUTSIDE, COOL INSIDE EXTERIOR CONDITIONS 80% RH 90°F 70°F INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE 50% RH AIR MOVEMENT MOISTURE MOVEMENT/ VAPOR DRIVE 4 2 Brick Veneer Exterior Construction Board Wood Stud Wall Interior Wall Board 3 1

THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Energy Savings COOLING A STRUCTURE

THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Energy Savings COOLING A STRUCTURE

INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Energy Savings WARMING A STRUCTURE 0°F EXTERIOR CONDITIONS 10% RH INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE 50% RH 70°F AIR MOVEMENT MOISTURE MOVEMENT/ VAPOR DRIVE 1 2 3 4 Brick Veneer Exterior Construction Board Wood Stud Wall Interior Wall Board

THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Energy Savings WARMING A STRUCTURE

THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Energy Savings WARMING A STRUCTURE

45% THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Energy Savings Energy Savings National Institute of Standards and Technology Study NIST Industry Report on Potential Energy Savings Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Building Technologies Objective of Study: Investigate the impact of envelope air tightness on energy consumption in a typical commercial building Written by recognized leaders in building science up to 45% Energy Savings

THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Energy Savings NIST Report – Energy Savings by Climate Up to 45% energy cost savings using an air barrier Average of 32% energy cost savings Cities in the study: Miami, Florida – 14% Phoenix, Arizona – 16% St. Louis, Missouri – 42% Bismarck, North Dakota – 44% Minneapolis, Minnesota – 45%

EFFECTS OF AIR LEAKAGE

HOT OUTSIDE, COOL INSIDE INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Effects of Air Leakage Unimpeded Air Movement Without a proper air and/or vapor barrier, warm air (and its accompanying moisture) will move to cooler space HOT OUTSIDE, COOL INSIDE Brick Veneer Exterior Construction Board Fiberglass Insulation Interior Wall Board AIR/MOISTURE MOVEMENT EXTERIOR CONDITIONS 80% RH 90°F 70°F INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE 50% RH 1 2 3 4 Condensation 4

COLD OUTSIDE, WARM INSIDE INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Effects of Air Leakage COLD OUTSIDE, WARM INSIDE MOISTURE MOVEMENT/ VAPOR DRIVE AIR MOVEMENT 1 2 3 Brick Veneer Exterior Construction Board Fiberglass Insulation Interior Wall Board INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE 50% RH 70°F 0°F EXTERIOR CONDITIONS 10% RH 1 3 4 Condensation

INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Effects of Air Leakage INDIRECT AIR MOVEMENT AIR MOVEMENT 1 2 3 Brick Veneer Exterior Construction Board Fiberglass Insulation Interior Wall Board INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE 50% RH 70°F 0°F EXTERIOR CONDITIONS 10% RH 1 3 4

THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Effects of Air Leakage Importance of Building Envelope Continuity Air leakage transports 100 times more water through a small void than vapor diffusion through a 4x8 sheet

THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Effects of Air Leakage Indoor Air Quality Warm, moist air from interior or exterior accumulates in vulnerable wall component Typical condition required for mold growth is 80–95% relative humidity1 Probability of significant growth depends on duration of favorable conditions and type of substrate 1 Treschsel, 2001. Moisture Analysis and Condensation Control in Building Envelopes, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA.

STRUCTURAL DURABILITY

THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Structural Durability A Total Building Envelope Effective envelopes account for all sides of a building Roof waterproofing layer Wall barrier installed on all vertical sides of the building Foundation wall & under slab barrier

THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Structural Durability A Total Building Envelope Effective envelopes account for all sides of a building Roof waterproofing layer Wall barrier installed on all vertical sides of the building Foundation wall & under slab barrier

THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Structural Durability A Total Building Envelope Effective envelopes account for all sides of a building Roof waterproofing layer Wall barrier installed on all vertical sides of the building Foundation wall & under slab barrier

THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Structural Durability Moisture Damage

THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Structural Durability Moisture Damage

THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Structural Durability Rain Screen Barrier can also act as a drainage plane for any water that gets past the exterior cladding 1 2 3 4 5 Brick Veneer Wall System Barrier Exterior Construction Board Fiberglass Insulation Interior Wall Board

THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Structural Durability Air Barrier Technology An Air Barrier… Resists air leakage and rain penetration through building envelope while allowing the diffusion of moisture in the form of vapor Allows walls of a structure to "breathe" Offers designers more flexibility in positioning of air barrier within wall assembly AIR MOVEMENT 1 2 3 4 5 Brick Veneer Air Barrier Exterior Construction Board Fiberglass Insulation Interior Wall Board MOISTURE MOVEMENT/ VAPOR DRIVE

THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Structural Durability Vapor Barrier Technology A Vapor Barrier… Resists air leakage so as to act as an air barrier Resists rain penetration so as to act as a rain barrier Resists vapor diffusion so as to act as a vapor barrier MOISTURE MOVEMENT/ VAPOR DRIVE AIR MOVEMENT 1 2 3 4 5 Brick Veneer Vapor Barrier Exterior Construction Board Fiberglass Insulation Interior Wall Board

INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Structural Durability – Air Barriers COLD CLIMATES / WINTER 0°F EXTERIOR CONDITIONS 10% RH INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE 50% RH 70°F MOISTURE/ VAPOR DRIVE Condensation 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brick Veneer Vapor Barrier Exterior Construction Board Fiberglass Insulation 5. Interior Wall Board

INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Structural Durability – Air Barriers COLD CLIMATES / WINTER 0°F EXTERIOR CONDITIONS 10% RH INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE 50% RH 70°F MOISTURE/VAPOR DRIVE Good option! 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brick Veneer Air Barrier Exterior Construction Board Fiberglass Insulation Vapor Barrier Interior Wall Board

EXTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Structural Durability – Air Barriers HOT CLIMATES / SUMMER EXTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE 70% RH 90°F 70°F INTERIOR CONDITIONS 50% RH MOISTURE VAPOR DRIVE Good option! 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brick Veneer Air Barrier Exterior Construction Board Fiberglass Insulation Vapor Barrier Interior Wall Board

INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Structural Durability – Air Barriers COLD CLIMATES 0°F EXTERIOR CONDITIONS 10% RH INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE 50% RH 70°F PERFECT WALL! MOISTURE VAPOR DRIVE 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brick Veneer Rigid Foam Insulation Vapor Barrier Exterior Construction Board Steel Frame Interior Wall Board

THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Structural Durability – Air Barriers HOT CLIMATES 90°F EXTERIOR CONDITIONS 70% RH 70°F INTERIOR CONDITIONS 50% RH PERFECT WALL! MOISTURE VAPOR DRIVE 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brick Veneer Rigid Foam Insulation Vapor Barrier Exterior Construction Board Steel Frame Interior Wall Board

HOT-HUMID CLIMATES–MIAMI, FL INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Structural Durability – Air Barriers HOT-HUMID CLIMATES–MIAMI, FL 90°F EXTERIOR CONDITIONS 80% RH INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE 30% RH 70°F MOISTURE/ VAPOR DRIVE Stucco Veneer Air Barrier Concrete Block Wall Interior Wall Board 3 1 2

HOT-HUMID CLIMATES–MIAMI, FL INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Structural Durability – Vapor Barriers HOT-HUMID CLIMATES–MIAMI, FL 90°F EXTERIOR CONDITIONS 80% RH INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE 30% RH 70°F MOISTURE/VAPOR DRIVE 4 Stucco Veneer Vapor Barrier Concrete Block Wall Interior Wall Board 3 1 2

THE SCIENCE OF WALL SYSTEMS Structural Durability – Vapor Barriers CLIMATES WITH NO EXTREME CHANGES–MARINE, S, SW 72°F EXTERIOR CONDITIONS 35% RH INTERIOR CONDITIONED SPACE 35% RH 70°F MOISTURE/VAPR DRIVE Insulated Metal Panel Vapor Barrier Exterior Construction Board Fiberglass Insulation Interior Wall Board 2 5 4 1 3

WALL SYSTEM OPTIONS

WALL SYSTEM OPTIONS Self-adhered Controlled thickness Robust Barrier Types Self-adhered Controlled thickness Robust Self-reinforced No mixing or special equipment

WALL SYSTEM OPTIONS Considerations Lap sealing required Barrier Types Self-adhered Barrier Considerations Lap sealing required Detailing can be complex

WALL SYSTEM OPTIONS Mechanically Fastened Inexpensive Barrier Types Mechanically Fastened Barrier Benefits Mechanically Fastened Inexpensive Detailing can be complex

WALL SYSTEM OPTIONS Barrier Types Mechanically Fastened Barrier Considerations Mechanically Fastened Loosely laid Does not transmit negative wind load Tearing at fasteners Joints, laps, fastener penetrations need to be completely sealed to provide continuous barrier

WALL SYSTEM OPTIONS Fluid-applied Seamless Good for complex geometries Barrier Types Fluid-Applied Barrier Benefits Fluid-applied Seamless Good for complex geometries Minimal substrate preparation

Fluid-Applied Barrier Considerations WALL SYSTEM OPTIONS Barrier Types Fluid-Applied Barrier Considerations Fluid-applied Mixing & spray equipment required Thickness control

CONCLUSION Wall systems can have a positive impact on energy savings, and building and occupant safety. It is important to understand the benefits and differences of air barriers and vapor barriers. Depending on climate and weather, one size does not fit all. There are a number of options in regard to choosing an air and/or vapor barrier. Building envelope continuity is key to creating a safe and healthy environment for building occupants.

THIS CONCLUDES THE AIA ACCREDITED PORTION OF OUR PRESENTATION

QUESTIONS?