SBA Energy and Mineral Resource Management Side Event Community Activity CA-06: Earth Observation Data in Mineral Resources (and non-renewable energy) Stéphane Chevrel, France PoC CA-06 chevrel@chevrel.eu stephane.chevrel@minpol.com 1 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Background Former 2012-2015 WP task SB-05-C2 (GEO VIII, Istanbul, 2011): Impact monitoring System for Geo-Resource exploration and Exploitation Integration of spaceborne, airborne and ground-based EO datasets into mature stakeholder-oriented EO products to monitor the societal and environmental impacts of the extractive industry over all phases of a project, from exploration to closure 2 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Economic and societal importance of minerals Mining is not everything, but without mining, everything is nothing! Max Planck The mining and extractive industry plays a significant role in the development of many countries all over the world Most sectors, such as construction, chemicals, automotive, aerospace, machinery and equipment sectors that provide e.g. in the EU a total value added of € 1´324 billion, and employment for some 30 million people, depend on unimpaired access to raw materials. 3 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Minerals: a global issue… http://www.mining.com/infographic-where-the-minerals-are-82638/

Mining: a global issue…

Coal and Lignite a global issue too… http://media.web.britannica.com/eb-media/14/105414-050-2AB4F88F.gif

Growing environmental impacts by mineral extraction Source: Mudd 2009, Australia "Unused extraction" grows ➢ more waste, water distraction, landscape change… Land use conflicts Resource extraction prefers sparsely populated areas as conflicts grow with population density 7 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

CA-06 overarching activities Develop tool sets and information products for the Resource Assessment, Monitoring and Forecasting of Geological Resources (including mineral and fossil resources, raw material and groundwater) Develop tool sets for environmental impacts monitoring of mining and processing operations Identify and foster implementation of strategic measures for the competitive, reliable and sustainable management of geo-resources exploitation and treatment of re-usable materials 8 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

CA-06 Group of activities GEO Community Activity “Earth Observations for Managing Mineral and Non-renewable Energy Resources” (CA-06) Global mineral map of the Earth’s surface Australia Geoscience mineral map Global spectral libraries of soils in view of future IS spaceborne missions EO-based integrated products for monitoring environmental and societal impacts: National to regional (e.g. illegal mining, GFOI, GMOS) Local : mine site, SLO... 9 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016 www.eo-miners.eu

Technical gap Minerals lack dedicated EO systems and rely on systems from other SBAs The “mineral community” strongly advocates for operational hyperspectral spaceborne missions ensuring a global systematic coverage at no (or marginal) costs and at “decent” spatial resolution Operational, freely available, global coverage Multispectral : Sentinel 2 and Landsat TM Superspectral : ASTER (failure of SWIR sensors in 2009) Operational, commercial, local coverage on request, high acquisition costs Superspectral : WV-3 hyperspectral : airborne VNIR-SWIR, few operational TIR sensors EO in mineral industry lacks institutionnal support Mostly deals with private companies => EO-based monitoring of illegal mining Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) has demonstrated a large potential to quantify topsoil key properties (soil organic carbon content, clay content, carbonates, salinity, and soil moisture) and their evolution over time across a broad range of soils. In mineral prospecting and soil contamination assessments, the technique can also discriminate, map and quantify minerals in soils and rocks. longitude λ latitude 10 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016 www.eo-miners.eu

Reflectance spectroscopy from the field to airborne platforms Improved retrieval of relevant essential geo- variables Enhanced identification of geo-resources, derivation of mineral maps, quantification of soil variables and land surface composition Develop new EO tools based on reflectance spectroscopy Support to soil degradation mapping, environmental impact monitoring Contribute to more effective decision-making Advanced optical remote sensing method: Imaging spectroscopy or hyperspectral imagery Atmospheric absorption Spectral modeling & multi-scale approach Reflectance VNIR SWIR- I SWIR- II 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 Wavelengths [µm] HySpex Improved characterisation of soil properties – Imaging spectroscopy, or hyperspectral imagery, is an advanced approach to optical ir remote sensing. Here, The analysis of the intensity of solar EMR reflected by a surface (reflectance spectroscopy) provides unique information about the surface composition For ex, instread of having 3 images in R, G, and B, we have access to a continuous, fine optical signal, that allow a better characterisation of surface properties. Development of methodologies and applications for a better characterisation of earth surface properties through modeling &.. We need multiscale to relate spatial scale of obs (few m to 10s m) with ground truth meas. Hyspex vnir-1600 : 0.4-1, 160 bds, 3.7nm large, and hyspex swir-320-e: 1-2.5, 256 bds, 6nm large 416 spectral bands 1600/320 Pixels 11 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016 www.eo-miners.eu 11

The EnMAP Program Simulated EnMAP (30m) Environmental Mapping and Analysis Programme (GFZ/DLR) High quality VNIR/SWIR satellite imaging spectrometer for quantitative surface parameter retrieval at 30m scale Frequent coverage for monitoring on global basis Open data policy EnMAP-Box as free software platform EnGeoMap product Core funding from Germany‘s Federal Ministry Economics and Technology Currently under construction phase, launch ~mid 2019 Development of free source software for mineral mapping (EnGeoMap) and soil mapping (HYSOMA/EnSoMAP) based on hyperspectral imagery HYSOMA product 12 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016 www.eo-miners.eu

CA-06 planned activities A preparatory work for global mineral mapping program using existing (ASTER) or future   missions, on the model of the Australian Mineral Map performed by CSIRO using ASTER imagery, to be delivered to the GEO data archive . Developing a global spectral library of soils for future of quantitative soil spectroscopy from laboratory to spaceborne applications, towards the definition of possible product standards for global, public hyperspectral satellite soil surface composition mapping The definition, or refinement, of a set of area-specific essential variables to be validated by the CoP and GEO in view of measuring and monitoring the status of mineral resources assessment and exploitation. The definition of methodologies and tools to map these essential variables from existing and future sensors, including citizen observatories. A global mining waste inventory program by adapting e.g. the PECOMINES project methodology to currently available sensors (Landsat TM, Sentinel -2) and/or future missions   13 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Activities for 2017-2019 WP Overall plans Activities Generation of a publicly available Global ASTER Geoscience map to be delivered to GEO Definition of possible product standards for global, public hyperspectral satellite land surface composition Global land surface composition spectral libraries Identification of user community and their requirement, including mineral regulation enforcement Activities Global ASTER Geoscience map : challenges, collaborations, network, path for moving forward Definition of relevant essential variables… Cross-cutting activities Links with GI-10 and GI-18 (SDGs) Illegal mining : links with GFOI, GMOS (GEOBON?) 14 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

The CA-06 Leads France : BRGM Australia : CSIRO, GSA USA : USGS, JPL EU : EuroGeoSurveys UK : BGS, Univ. of Nottingham Germany : DLR, GFZ Japan: AIST, Japan Space Systems China: China University of Mining and Technology, RADI Israel: Tel Aviv University NL: ITC 15 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Stakeholder engagement process Responsible mining initiatives A concept not strictly defined Sometimes considered as a declination of CSR Either a voluntary and ethical approach from mining operators, or imposed (or encouraged) by authorities Participatory approach to tackle environmental, societal and human rights issues Social License to Operate i.e. free, prior and informed consent of local communities and stakeholders Role of Earth Observations EO can help through provision of global reach, non-invasive, scalable, temporal, accurate maps and models of land surface composition and condition at all stages of the resource development cycle from exploration and discovery through to mine closure. http://socialicense.com/definition.html 16 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016 www.eo-miners.eu

Stakeholders Key stakeholders, user community Governmental organisation Inventories Monitoring Law enforcement Industry Resource assessement Site monitoring Sustainable mining initiatives SLO International organisations UNDP SDGs WB? 17 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Mining and SDGs CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management 18 GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

CA-06 and SDGs CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management Through mining-related EO-based products, CA-06 can contribute directly or indirectly to most of the UN SDGs in the mining sector 19 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016