Te Reo - A Journey of Revival & Revitalisation Māori 230 2017 Te Reo - A Journey of Revival & Revitalisation

1840 95% plus of popn. speak te reo 2006 4,143,279 popn. Speak Maori 131,613 3% of the total population 23.7% of the Maori population 2013 4,241,448 popn. Speak Maori 148,395 2.9% of the total population 21.3% of Maori population In 1840 when the Treaty of Waitangi was signed, I estimate that more than 95% of the total population of this country were speakers of te reo Māori. In the 2006 Census of New Zealand’s population, there were a total of 4,143,279 people who were normally resident in this country and 131,613 of those people are Māori who claim to be able to speak Māori, that’s just over 3% of the total population of the country, but 23.7% of the Māori population (ethnic Māori 565,329). That’s a drop from 95% down to 3% in a matter of just 168 years.

Factors Contributing to Language Loss Treaty of Waitangi Colonisation Land Alienation Urbanisation Education

“Māori society transformed itself with enthusiasm “Māori society transformed itself with enthusiasm ... In some areas the adaptation of Pakeha technology to Māori communal enterprise was so successful that Pakeha migrants could scarcely compete” (Pu-ao-te-ata-tu Appendix to the Ministerial Advisory Committee Report on Social Welfare 1988:5).

Colonisation Missionaries & Mission Schools Commerce and Trade Land alienation via the Māori Land Court

Maori resistance Kingitanga Ratana Land March – Dame Whina Cooper 1975 Waitangi Bastion Point 1978 Raglan Golf Course 1978 Hikoi 2004

Te Tiriti o Waitangi Sovereignty – kāwanatanga vs rangatiratanga governance vs chiefly authority “...full and undisturbed possession of …taonga...” ????? Equal rights of citizenship … te reo vs English???

WAI 11 1985 Marches through Wellington Petition to Parliament – Hana Jackson (Te Hemara) Huirangi Waikerepuru and Ngā Kaiwhakapūmau i te reo Incorporated Society Article 2 Treaty Right - neglect, failure to protect Article 3 Treaty Right – equal rights of citizenship Claim heard in 1985 – 1986 Tribunal Report presented – 1986 Te Reo legislated as an Official language of Aotearoa

The Māori Language Act 1987 Māori Language Commission: Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori Role is ‘to foster the language’ Māori is an official language of New Zealand Māori language be made available in the courts, in education, and in the media.

Population and Speakers of Maori 1858 1901 1996 2001 2006 2013 Total NZ Popn. 115,462 737,650 3,061,546 3,820,749 4,143,279 4,241,448 Māori % of Total pop. 56,049 45,549 6% 579,714 19% 604,110 15.8% 643,977 15.5% 598,602 14.1% Non-Māori 59,413 692,101 2,481,832 3,216,639 3,499,302 3,642,846 Māori speakers 140,886 126,729 131,613 125,352 % of total popn. 4.6% 3.3% 3.1% 2.9% % of Maori population   24.1% 23.7% 21.3% Non-Māori speakers Estimated 300 19,896 ? 23,043 Only estimates of the Māori population in 1840 are available as census figures were only taken from 1858. However, at the time of the Treaty, the dominant population was Māori, the predominant language was Māori and the predominant ideology and culture was Māori. But, in a matter of a very few years after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, the population of this country reflected a very different picture. In 1858 the population of New Zealand was 115,462, of whom 56,049 were Māori and 59,413 non-Māori. By the turn of the century, in the 1901 census, the Māori population was 45,549 and the non-Māori population, now outnumbering Māori by at least 15:1, was 692,101 (Hunn Report 1960).   The decline in the Māori population (1901) can be attributed to a number of factors. Battles fought at various times throughout the country took their toll on the population (Sinclair, 1957; Belich, 1988) as well as introduced illnesses, for which Māori had no immunity resulting in considerable loss of life. At a secondary level, the implementation of English governance in New Zealand dramatically altered economic and social circumstances for Māori. Legal process and land legislation in particular, disenfranchised Māori and alienated them from their spiritual and cultural heritage inherent in their lands. Metge (1967), Sorrenson (1979), Kawharu (1979) and others have written extensively of the effects of land alienation and the subsequent dislocation and marginalisation experienced by Māori generally, and for generations thereafter. Another factor that may have contributed to that decline in population may also be attributed to the relatively poor enumeration processes employed in the late nineteenth century. And, that pertains also to general record official keeping, even up to the 1940’s and 1950’s. McCreary (1968) notes “... the decline [in population] was probably exaggerated by under-enumeration and the recovery may, in part, reflect improved data collection” (1968:188).

Language Shift … a by-product of unequal rates of social change and of growth of echotechnical power and therefore, of self regulation, i.e. the very same processes that also contribute to the widespread anomie and alienation that typify so much of modern life among the culturally dominant and the culturally recessive alike (Fishman,1991:6).

Maori rural communities - urbanisation [“When I went to school, the Pipiwai Native School, there were lots of children there then, about three or four classes … maybe a hundred children. These valleys were heavily populated then, maybe thirty families living here, ….. farming, milking cows. Today there’s no school and only a very few people actually live there now.”]

Urbanisation & Te Reo The Sociolinguistic Survey of Language Use in Māori Households and Communities 1973 Who speaks Māori, age, gender, and locality In what areas of daily life is Māori spoken What are the situations where both Māori and English are used by bilingual individuals. What factors support the use and the learning of Māori

Sociolinguistic Survey Results There are no areas where Māori is still the Community language – Ruatoki & Matawaia Language use decreased with each generation Language attitudes between native speakers and L2 learners were different Urban dwellers were more acutely aware of language loss Language loss imminent Kohanga Reo 1981

Maori Language Surveys 1995 No communities where Māori still the community language “practically no social milieu in which to utilise it [te reo] or from which to derive ordinary communicative support for it” (Fishman, 1991:231),

Surveys of the Maori Language 2001 – Survey of the Health of the Māori Language 2003 Surveys of Attitudes, Beliefs and Values to the Māori Language The Health of the Māori Language in the Education Sector: Te Ora o te Reo : Māori i te Rāngai Mātauranga The Māori Language Strategy 2004 Māori Language in the Community

Indicators of Identity Whakapapa Whanaungatanga Tikanga Marae Land Te Reo Upbringing Physical Attributes Nā te reo te kākahu o te whakaaro, te huarahi ki te ao tūroa o te hinengaro. Ko te reo, te mauri o te mana Māori. (Tā Himi Henare)

Survey Results: Research 2006

Revitalisation of Te Reo The journey of reviving te reo is ongoing and we need to be vigilant to ensure it not only survives but that it thrives. Positives Māori Language Commission Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori Māori in Media, in Parliament, in Education, in Justice Kohanga Reo, Kura Kaupapa Māori, Wharekura, Whare wānanga Opportunities for learning te reo are many and varied and more accessible. Attitudes towards te reo Māori are more positive than ever before Waitangi Tribunal – WAI 11, WAI 262 Ongoing research – Te Reo Mauriora

Te Reo Mauriora 2011 Review of the Māori language Sector and the Māori Language Strategy Commissioned by Minister of Māori Affairs Dr Pita Sharples – July 2010 Te Paepae Motuhake – Independent Panel of Experts Hui nationally Report commissioned in response to calls from Cabinet on the cost of funding te reo revitalisation and minimal change is taking place in respect of increasing numbers of speakers.

Te Paepae Motuhake – terms of reference 7 areas to report on to Government Principles Outcomes Role of Māori and Government Organisation and Infrastructure Key Initiatives Expenditure Value

Considerations Two main areas Re-establishing Te Reo in Māori homes A new governance process for the delivery of te reo programmes with strong accountability practices in place

Major points Sustain authentic language – speak! Retain Dialects – WAI 252 Chap.5 Access – learners can hear and use te reo in safety Te Reo will be valued Iwi must step up and lead Technology Teachers – improve their proficiency Speakers are supported Raise awareness of the whole country so they too will value Te Reo Constant Evaluation and Research

Recommendations Minister for Te Reo Māori is appointed Te Mātāwai is established – 9 representatives, 7 from Iwi dialectal regions plus 2 Urban Centres Runanga-a-Iwi – 9 regions – plan programmes, fund these and ensure accountability Public Sector are to enable and support Māori to re-establish te reo in homes Future revitalisation strategies are to be Iwi led. Te Matawai – governance with the Minister

Conclusion “Ina tae atu au i mua i te aroaro o te Atua, ā ka mea mai, ‘I aha koe i tōku reo nāku koe i hoatu?’ He aha taku whakautu?” Metekingi