Maps for Marine Litter (MicroLitter & Seabed Litter) and Beach Litter European Commission Morgan Le Moigne, François Galgani – Ifremer Loïk Kerambrun, CEDRE May 15-19th 2017

Plan Marine Litter Main Origins & localisations D10 – Marine Litter in MSFD D10 - Monitoring Programmes Seabed Litter, Beach Litter, Microplastics : Protocol(s) Item List (s) Maps examples

Marine Litter Main Origins & localisations Source : http://Onml.fr Maritim origin 20% Terrestrial origin 80% 70 % on the Seafloor on the shoreline 15 % on Seasurface

D10 – Marine Litter in MSFD ‘‘Properties and quantities of marine litter do not cause harm to the coastal and marine environment’’ - TSG-ML D10C1 (primary): abundance, spatial distribution and qualitative composition of litter on the shore, in the water column, at sea surface and on the seafloor D10C2 (primary): abundance, spatial distribution and qualitative composition of micro litter on the shore, at sea surface and in seafloor sediment D10C3 (secondary): Trends in the amount and composition of litter ingested by marine mammals D10C4 (secondary) : Entanglement by fauna Marine litter has been an issue of concern by the United Nations Environment Programme since the early 1970s (UNEP, 2011). In Europe, Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) (2008/56/ EC) has been developed in order to protect the marine environment as well as to ensure its sustainable use. The ultimate goal of MSFD is the achievement of Good Environmental Status (GES) for the marine environment and the Clean Seas by 2020, by the Member States. MSFD is based on eleven Descriptors and sets targets for each Descriptor that should be met in order to achieve the GES. Marine litter is addressed as Descriptor 10: ‘‘Properties and quantities of marine litter do not cause harm to the coastal and marine environment’’.

D10 - Monitoring Programmes Seabed Litter Floating Litter Macrolitter Fish Bottom Trawl Surveys Microlitter Implementation Manta trawl (EVHOE 2015) Microlitter sample (EVHOE 2015) Mattress (EVHOE 2015)

D10 - Monitoring Programmes Starting 2018 in France Criteria in development Beach Litter Litter ingested Entanglement Macrolitter Jan van Franeker, IMARES Rhodes, 2016 Microlitter Rhodes, 2016

D10 - Monitoring Programmes ML size ranges in monitoring programmes Lippiatt et al. 2013

Seabed Litter May 15th -19th, 2017

Seabed Litter TG-ML Protocol Fish bottom trawl surveys Trawling start Trawling End 1 - Ship sorting room 2 - Sort and weight Schematically Surveys are performed using the monitoring protocol proposed by the Technical Group for Marine Litter. Sampling with bottom trawlers can only be applied in sandy or muddy substrates and not in rocky substrates. 3 - Counting & size May 15th -19th, 2017

Seabed Litter Protocol OSPAR area  IBTS protocol based on ICES survey protocols : Different Trawlers : GOV (BalticSea, North Sea, English Channel, North Bay of Biscay) and Bak (Portugal& Spain) “IBTS” List Mediterranean area  MEDITS protocol Trawler used : GOC “MEDITS” List Surveys are performed using the monitoring protocol proposed by the Technical Group for Marine Litter. Sampling with bottom trawlers can only be applied in sandy or muddy substrates and not in rocky substrates. May 15th -19th, 2017

Seabed Litter Protocol OSPAR, IA, 2017 Surveys are performed using the monitoring protocol proposed by the Technical Group for Marine Litter. MEDITS sampling Scheme (GCFM areas) May 15th -19th, 2017

Seabed Litter List of Categories & items MEDITS protocol 7 categories 27 sub categories IBTS protocol 6 categories 39 sub categories OSPAR: 39 categories. MSFD classification system, adopted in 2010 the existing 2009 Cefas monitoring categories. 6 main categories of litter, each divided into sub-categories MEDITS: 37 categories/ sub categories. MSFD classification system, adapted by Medits group from IFREMER/ and MSFD protocol . 9 main categories of litter, each divided into sub-categories

Seabed Litter IBTS&MEDITS Lists vs Master List TSG-ML Not in the TSG-ML Surveys are performed using the monitoring protocol proposed by the Technical Group for Marine Litter. How to create Maps ? Using the Master List? Keeping different lists ? May 15th -19th, 2017

Seabed Litter Maps examples Galgani et al, MSFD - IA – 2012 Density Nb/ha May 15th -19th, 2017

Seabed Litter Maps examples Seabed distribution of marine debris in the greater North Sea collected during a routine ground-fish survey by the Netherlands, for fisheries management purposes. Much of the debris found in this region can be attributed to fisheries (IMARES). May 15th -19th, 2017

Seabed Litter Maps examples Galgani et al, 2000 Isoconcentration curves Isoconcentration curves for total debris in the Gulf of Lion. Results were obtained after kriging data from the cruises Medits between 1994 and 2009. Units are items per hectare.

Seabed Litter Maps examples C. Ioakeimidis et al. (2014) Density Items/km² In Fig. 2, trawling transects are plotted according to marine litter density (items/km2); so that the thickness of the transect lines is proportional to marine litter density (items/km2). In this way marine litter accumulation can be visualized with detail relatively to its spatial distribution and the corresponding trawling length. May 15th -19th, 2017

Seabed Litter Maps examples OSPAR – Intermediate Assessment - 2017 Map of smoothed total counts (A) and smoothed plastics counts (B) in OSPAR region II, III and the northern part of region IV (portugal and Spain excluded) May 15th -19th, 2017

Seabed Litter Maps examples M. Moriarty et al.(2015) Interpolated distribution map of Litter = Probability of encountering litter within the survey area, based on presence/absence data Analyses into the spatial patterns of the litter sampled during the IGFS were carried out in ArcGIS 10.2 © (Esri, 2014). The data was transformed to presence/absence data and interpolated using a radial bases function (RBF) with a completely regularized spline kernel function. A standard neighbourhood search was performed with a minimum number of neighbours set at 10, and a maximum number of neighbours set at 15. This is appropriate due to the random sampling of litter throughout the study area (De Smith et al., 2015; Mitasova and Mitas, 1993). Interpolation methods are applied to estimate the concentrations of pollution at un-sampled sites (Yunfeng et al., 2011). This process allows the development of a mathematical representation of complex curves and surfaces (the spline curve), creating a smooth, gradually changing curve enabling visualisation of areas that consistently had litter present over the 5 year time frame examined. Simply put, a sequence of points is used to construct a curve that passes through the sampled data points (interpolating curve), allowing the production, and analysis of a graphical representation of the litter data in space. The spline function used is:   where In is the natural logarithm, E1(x) is the exponential integral function, and CE is the Euler constant. The smoothing parameter function σ is found by minimizing the root-mean-square prediction errors using cross-validation. May 15th -19th, 2017

BEACH Litter May 15th -19th, 2017

Beach Litter Protocol = OSPAR Guidelines Survey from water edge to the back of beach. (Source: OSPAR, Commission, 2010a.) Beach Litter Protocol = OSPAR Guidelines 100 m area : All Litter collected Collection 1 km area : MacroLitter > 50cm Quadrats : Microplastics 1 beach 4 times / year Survey form Identification Counts of items - Mandatory Weight or Volume – non mandatory Mandatory (TSG-ML, 2013) 2018 Surveys are performed using the monitoring protocol proposed by the Technical Group for Marine Litter. Sampling with bottom trawlers can only be applied in sandy or muddy substrates and not in rocky substrates. May 15th -19th, 2017

Beach Litter Protocol = OSPAR Guidelines Beach characteristics items Photo guide Marine Litter Beach Documentation and Characterisation Form of the OSPAR Marine Litter Beach Questionnaire (OSPAR commission 2010b) May 15th -19th, 2017

Beach Litter OSPAR List vs Master List TSG-ML OSPAR : 12 classes TSG10 : 9 classes Plastic / Polystyrène (54 items) Rubber (4 items) Cloth (5 items) Paper / Cardboard (9 items) Wood (machined) (9 items) Metal (15 items) Glass (3 items) Pottery / Ceramics (3 items) Sanitary waste (6 items) Medical waste (3 items) Faeces (1 item) Other pollutants (2 items) Artificial polymer materials (92 items) Rubber (10 items) Paper / Cardboard (10 items) Cloth / textile (9 items) Wood (processed / worked) (11 items) Metal (21 items) Glass / ceramics (10 items) Other (3 items) Microparticle (Artificial polymer mat.) TG-ML 2013 recommended Marine Litter Beach Documentation and Characterisation Form of the OSPAR Marine Litter Beach Questionnaire (OSPAR commission 2010b) OSPAR: 121 items TSG: 166 items (+ mP) Source: L. Kerambrun - Cedre May 15th -19th, 2017

Beach Litter Maps examples MSFD - Initial Status 2011 – France - SRM Manche Mer du Nord Mean values for the differents litter items May 15th -19th, 2017

Beach Litter Maps examples Litterbase - AWI Choise/option of one categorie or item like in this maps created by AWI in the Litterbase – No database and so no datasets, just an overview of what it is existing but not normalized at all and so not comparable. Or we should choose to represent the top 10 of items the most frequently encountered May 15th -19th, 2017

Beach Litter Maps examples S.E. Nelms et al. 2017 I couldn’t go further in the explanation of the method used in this publication but I wanted to show it to you in case it turns out to be relevant Few spatial representations for Beach Litter May 15th -19th, 2017

MICROLITTER May 15th -19th, 2017

Manta/Bongo trawling Implemented: MICROLITTER Protocol During Fish bottom trawl surveys During specific surveys by NGOs, Associations May 15th -19th, 2017

MICROLITTER Protocol 1 - Sample decantation 2- Sifting 3 - Sorting of samples by size class 4 – Counting binocular loupe 5 – Drying & Weighing with precision balance O. Gerigny, Ifremer LER/PAC May 15th -19th, 2017

MICROLITTER TG-ML List EMODnet addings

MICROLITTER Maps examples Galgani et al., 2012 – MSFD Initial Assessment 1 survey in 2010 Density Number/km²

MICROLITTER Maps examples Galgani et al., 2012 – MSFD Initial Assessment 1 survey in 2010 Density Weight/km²

MICROLITTER Maps examples J. Gago et al., 2015 Density Particules/ha May 15th -19th, 2017

MICROLITTER Maps examples F. Faure et al., 2015 (1) Density Particules/km²

MICROLITTER Maps examples F. Faure et al., 2015 (2) Distribution of microplastic types

MICROLITTER Maps examples Eriksen et al., 2014 May 15th -19th, 2017

MICROLITTER Maps examples Van Der Meulen et al., 2015 May 15th -19th, 2017

Thank you for your attention May 15th -19th, 2017