BY: AVA WOO AND GABBY NASSIM THE SKELETAL SYSTEM BY: AVA WOO AND GABBY NASSIM

THE MAIN FUNCTION Makes up the framework of the body and allows us to move when our muscles contract. Supports the body Helps with movement Protection examples: rib cages protect the heart, skull protects the brain and vertebrae protects the spinal cord Blood cell production Calcium storage Endocrine regulation (endocrine = production of hormones)

MAIN PARTS OF THE SYSTEM Bones Joints Ligaments Tendons Cartilage

BONES Serves as a structural frame for the human skeleton 206 bones in the human body Works with ligaments, tendons and joints to provide movement of the skeleton Protects inner organs Rib cage protects the lungs Vertebrae protects the spinal chord Skull protects the brain Etc… Houses bone marrow Bone marrow is the main source of blood formation Source of calcium

JOINTS Located where bones intersect They are strong connections that join bones, teeth and cartilage to one another and they control the motions of the bones Many different types Fibrous joint fixed joint (can’t move) Ex: in the skull Cartilaginous joint partially movable joints Ex: spinal column and rib cage Ball-and-socket joint allows movement up, down, left, right, and full 360 degree movement. Ex: hip and shoulder Saddle joint allows movement with bending and extending. The thumb is the only example of this

JOINTS Hinged joint movement in only one direction or plane Ex :elbow, fingers, toes and knee Gliding joint two or more rounded bones can rub against each other and move without causing friction. Ex: wrist and ankle Pivot joint allow rotation Ex: allow the palm and the head to rotate Condyloid joint up, down, and side-to-side motions. Ex: wrist

LIGAMENTS They are in every joint in the body they are elastic and can change shape and lengthen when needed many functions determine how much joints can move Ex: ligaments in the vertebrae limit the motion of the spine keep joints from becoming dislocated protect the bones that form joints connect bones to bones located in every place that bones meet

TENDONS Main connective tissues hold the whole skeletal frame together connect muscles to the bones They vary in sizes size is determined by genetics longer tendons are usually in shorter calf muscles and the back of the heel gives more advantage in running and jumping enable free, flexible movement in the body all physical activities are made possible by tendons made of regular, dense tissue and collagen fibers placed parallel to each other and in the direction of pull in the tendon

CARTILAGE Softer/ more flexible bones that connects tissue and they protect bones from rubbing against each other Many different kinds Hyaline Cartilage Lines the bones in your joints allowing you to move freely most common type of cartilage Elastic Cartilage more flexible than other types keeps tubular structures open Ex: ears and larynx Fibrocartilage most rigid type and strongest type connects high stress areas Ex: between bones, ligaments and tendons Many functions provides structure for nose, ears, etc.. helps to cushion your joints

OSTEOPOROSIS Bone disease that occurs when too much bone in the body is lost, or the body is not making enough bone very common about 54 americans have Osteoporosis or low bone mass Indicators you can't feel bones weakening so it's known as a “silent disease” breaking a bone, forward curving of the upper back or getting shorter are all symptoms Effects bones become weak bones could break easily mild cases: break from falling severe cases: break from small bumps or sneezing

SCOLIOSIS Most commonly found in adolescent aged girls Condition of side to side spinal curves on an x ray the spine will look more like an “S” than “C” can make a person's shoulders, hips, or waist look uneven the vertebrae can also be rotated making one shoulder blade look more prominent than another

EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE SYSTEM Deficiency of minerals in an area can cause problems with your teeth Calcium Magnesium Your bones need these minerals to stay strong, and without them problems can occur. Changes in weather can cause joint pain Warm environment to cold environment Damp environment to cold environment

HOW THE SYSTEM AFFECTS OTHER BODY SYSTEMS The skeletal system affects the nervous system in many ways The skull protects the brain (an important part of the nervous system) from injury The vertebrae protects the spinal cord (another important part of the nervous system) from injury as well The brain and nervous system also regulate the position and movements of the skeletal system The skeletal system provides calcium for the nervous system as well

HOW THE OTHER BODY SYSTEMS AFFECT THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: The interaction between the skeletal system and the muscular system is so constant that sometimes they are referred to as one system. (Musculoskeletal system) Skeletal muscles must be attached to something at either end to give them support while they contract. The endocrine system produces hormones that affect the way the bones grow. The bones are reliant on the integumentary system for vitamin D production.

Over ½ of the body's bones are in the hands and the feet. FUN FACTS Over ½ of the body's bones are in the hands and the feet. Babies have more bones than adults. Ancient Egyptians developed the world's first functional prosthetic bone.

WORKS CITED Anderson, Norene. "Types of Joints in the Skeletal System." Livestrong.com, Leaf Group Ltd, 2 May 2011, www.livestrong.com/article/87489-types-joints-skeletal-system/. "Skeletal System." healthline.com, Healthline Media, 2017, www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/skeletal-system. Williams, Kerry L. "Body Systems & How They Work Together." Livestrong.com, Leaf Group Ltd, 12 Feb. 2017, www.livestrong.com/article/179482-body-systems-how-they-work-together/. Zimmerman, Kim Ann. "Skeletal System: Facts, Function & Diseases." Livescience.com, Live Science Contributor, 11 Mar. 2016, www.livescience.com/22537-skeletal-system.html. "Function of Ligaments." New Health Guide. N.p., 12 Dec. 2013. Web. 30 Mar. 2017,<http://www.newhealthguide.org/Function-Of-Ligaments.html> "What Is Cartilage?" Wonderopolis. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2017. <http://wonderopolis.org/wonder/what-is-cartilage>. "What Is Osteoporosis and What Causes It?" National Osteoporosis Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2017. <https://www.nof.org/patients/what-is-osteoporosis/>. "Scoliosis Research Society." SRS: Scoliosis Research Society. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2017. <http://www.srs.org/patients-and-families/conditions-and-treatments/parents/scoliosis>

QUESTIONS?