Aspects and prospects of EU multilingualism EFNIL Conference The role of language education in creating a multilingual Europe London, 25 October 2011 Luca Tomasi Multilingualism Policy Unit

The European Union: 23 official languages 2004 Czech Estonian Hungarian Latvian Lithuanian Maltese Polish Slovak Slovene 1986 Portuguese Spanish 1973 Danish English 1958 Dutch French German Italian 2007 Bulgarian Irish Romanian 1981 Greek 1995 Finnish Swedish

Why multilingualism? Cohesion Social inclusion Intercultural dialogue European citizenship Mobility Employability Competitiveness

Amin Maalouf “Every language is the end product of a unique historical experience, every language conveys a memory, a literary heritage, a specific ability, and represents the legitimate foundation of a cultural identity.” 4

Theodore Roosevelt “We are a nation, not a hodge-podge of foreign nationalities. We are a people, and not a polyglot boarding house” “We have room for but one language here, and that is the English language, for we intended to see that the crucible turns our people out as Americans, of American nationality, and not as dwellers in a polyglot boarding-house; and we have room for but one soul loyalty, and that is loyalty to the American people. “ January 5, 1919, quoted in Hagedorn, p. 384 William Harding, Babel Proclamation (1918) : only English was legal in public, or in private schools, in public conversations, on trains, over the telephone, at all meetings, and in all religious services EU: “English is not enough” 5

Julia Kristeva “If we only become free subjects insofar as we are strangers to ourselves, then the social bond should not be an association of identities, but rather a federation of differences … Europe as a federation of respected differences: this is my dream.” 6

Umberto Eco “people who can communicate while everybody speaks their own language and understands the other without being fluent (and so understands) the cultural universe that is expressed when someone speaks the language of their ancestors and their tradition” “…A polyglot Europe is not a Europe of people who are able to speak a lot of languages perfectly; but in the best case one of people who can communicate while everybody speaks their own language and understands the other without being fluent. Also while understanding it, even when with effort, its spirit – the cultural universe that is expressed when someone speaks the language of their ancestors and their tradition – should be understood as well.” MT + 2 7

Structured cooperation OMC thematic group on early language learning OMC thematic group on Languages for Jobs Civil Society Platform Business Platform for Multilingualism

A new package of policy documents Report on the 2008 Council Resolution Inventory of language-related activities Policy Handbook on Early Language Learning Report of the Civil Society Platform Report of the Business Platform Report on ‘Languages for Jobs’ Inventory: multilingualism in Education and training Translation Interpretation Research, Information society, Structural funds Justice (Directive 2010/64/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October 2010 on the right to interpretation and translation in criminal proceedings) 9

Early language acquisition More natural process Better intonation and pronunciation Openness Awareness of mother tongue Self-confidence Problem-solving skills

Early language learning: conditions Qualified staff Language skills Pedagogical skills Aware of cognitive development Special attention to children of migrant and minority background Acknowledge competences in native/heritage language Help learning language of the host country

Report of the Civil Society Platform Recommendations on: Language policy and planning Linguistic diversity and social inclusion Language teaching including intercultural competences and research on language learning and testing Translation and terminology

Languages for jobs Modernise language teaching Realistic learning outcomes Motivation of learners Assessing competences Validation of informal skills Promotion of learning mobility A widening skills gap in the comingyears, less low qualified jobs

Languages for Jobs: Recommendations Language learning part of a strategy offering every learner a chance to move abroad New methods needed to motivate learners to take up / keep up studying languages Content and language integrated learning, especially for VET

Business platform for multilingualism To make employers aware of the benefits of a good language strategy Mapping of best practices ‘Languages mean business’ campaign for SMEs Setting up of the CELAN network: web platform to help companies in managing linguistic needs

The language industry today 16

And now? Council conclusions on language competences to enhance mobility Commission communication 'Rethinking skills' Language Indicator - benchmark 'Erasmus for all' programme More official languages?

Erasmus for all Mobility Languages in general/higher education, VET For language and other teachers Youth Cooperation Partnerships Bilingual schools, CLIL

Erasmus for all Policy support Evidence-based Open Method of Coordination Policy reform Examples: OMC Groups Stakeholder Platforms

More information: Languages website http://ec.europa.eu/languages 20

And the cost of multilingualism? All the translation and interpreting services of all the EU institutions cost each EU citizen around 2 euros per year The cost of multilingualism adds up to less than 1% of the whole EU budget Open dialogue and transparency cost money … but it’s worth it! Multilingualism costs less than you might think. The cost of DGT is around €280 million per year. This boils down to a cost to each citizen of around €0.60 per year. The cost of both translation and interpretation in all the EU institutions is around €1.1 bn a year. That is about 1% of the whole EU budget, or a little over €2 per citizen per year. Consider what you get in return: you know exactly what the EU is doing in your name and what your rights and responsibilities are, and you play a full part in building it – all in your own language. Democracy, open dialogue and transparency have a cost! But it’s worth it. 21

Almost 4500 translators 22

Almost 2 million pages/year

Most originals are drafted in English Other French German