Chapter 15 Immigrants and Urbanization Section 1: The New Immigrants Bellwork: Push-Pull Factors Mini-lesson: 1. Notes 2. Anti-Immigration Fever Home work: GR 15.1

Push-Pull Factors Push An event or feature that encourages a person to leave his or her home country. Pull An event or feature that encourages a person to move to another country.

Push Factors Pull Factors Based on the factor, hold up left hand for push factors and right hand for pull

Lack of jobs

Poverty

Cultural diversity

Famine

Religious tolerance

Available jobs

Oppressive government

Environmental Problems

Freedom

Opportunity

Warfare

Three Waves of Immigration Three Waves of Immigration 1st Wave (1815-1860) - 5 million 2nd Wave (1860-1890) - 10 million “OLD IMMIGRATION” - N and W Europe -experience w/ democracy -Protestant -literate in English - fair degree of wealth Three Waves of Immigration 3rd Wave (1890-1914) 15 million “NEW IMMIGRATION” - SE Europe - Roman Catholic or Eastern Orthodox -illiterate in any English -no experience with democracy

1881-1890 1891-1900 1901-1910 South-Eastern Europe 936,334 1,879,125 6,128,232 North-Western Europe 3,800,652 1,680,453 2,007,784

Europe Key Northern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Southern Europe

Symbols

Immigration Process The Statue of Liberty was a gift from the French as a sign of their support in the concept of freedom which the United States offered to immigrants from around the world. Lady Liberty was the first thing the immigrants saw from their boats and a sign that they had arrived in the United States. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free.” -Emma Lazarus (poet)

Ellis Island: Stop 1: The Arrival New arrivals were taken by ferry to the main building at Ellis Island. Opened in 1892, the first immigrant to arrive was a 15-year-old girl from Ireland named Annie Moore to join her parents in New York City.

Stop 2: The Baggage Room Immigrants entered the main building through its ground floor baggage room. They left their trunks, suitcases and baskets here until they were finished.

Stop 3: Stairways to the Great Hall The first test the immigrants had to pass became known as the "six second medical exam." As the immigrants climbed the stairs to the Great Hall, doctors stood at the top and watched. They were looking for anyone having difficulty coming up the steps. If a medical problem or disability was suspected, one of seventeen different chalk marks was put on the person's clothing. They were then sent for a full physical examination. If they weren't marked, they went on to wait in the Great Hall.

Stop 4: Medical Exam By 1917, complete medical exams were required for every immigrant. The main purpose of these exams was to find persons with contagious diseases or conditions that would make them unable to work. If their problem was curable, immigrants were sent to the island's hospital. If it was not, the steamship company that brought them would have to pay to send them back.

Stop 5: The Great Hall The Great Hall was the large waiting room of Ellis Island. Immigrants waited here for interviews with legal inspectors. At best, the entire process took three to five hours. Sometimes problems came up, like family members waiting for a relative to be treated in the hospital ward. Some families stayed for days, weeks, and even months.

Stop 6: Legal Inspection After passing the medical exams, immigrants had to prove they could legally come into America. They had to prove their country of origin and where they expected to live and work once they entered the country. Inspectors rejected any immigrant with a criminal record or those suspected of being indentured servants. By 1921, immigrants had to pass a literacy test and show a passport and visa.

Stop 7: Money Exchange In the money exchange area immigrants exchanged the money of their homeland for dollars, and purchased any train tickets they needed. Laws passed in 1909 required each immigrant to have at least 20 dollars before they were allowed to enter America.

Stop 8: The Journey’s End Staff members referred to Ellis Island’s exit as the kissing post because of all the emotional reunions that were witnessed there. Two thirds of the new Americans then boarded a ferry to New Jersey and the remaining third took the ferryboat to Manhattan in New York City, only one mile away.

Uncle Sam and Ark = United States (Noah’s Ark) storm clouds in east = troubled Europe Pairs of people = immigrants being saved like animals

Resistance to Immigration (1840s  ) Nativism: favoritism towards “Native-born” Americans political parties sprang up  Know Nothings (most powerful) - anti-Catholic - extend time to become citizens and voters - prevent foreign-born people from holding public office accepted “melting pot” theory  assimilate to American culture

AMERICAN PLATFORMS 1.—Repeal of all Naturalization Laws. 2.—None but NATIVE AMERICANS for Office. 3.—A pure American Common School System. 4.—War to the hilt, on Romanism (Catholic Church). 5.—Opposition, first and last, to the formation of Military Companies composed of foreigners. 6.—The advocacy of a sound, healthy, and safe Nationality. 9.—More stringent and effective Emigration Laws. 10.—The amplest Protection to Protestant Interests. 11.—The doctrines of the revered WASHINGTON and his compatriots. 12.—The sending back of all Foreign Paupers (poor people) landed on our shores. 15.—Our Country, our whole Country, and nothing but our country. 16.—And finally,—American Laws and American Legislation, and Death to all Foreign Influences, whether in high places or low!

Catholic Church controlling gov’t upside down flag = distress signal School and School Children Catholic Priests as invading crocodiles

Immigrant Isolation accepted “salad bowl theory”  maintain own distinct culture settled in ethnic pockets within cities little integration wages and available food more than former realities ~25% of “new immigrants” never intended to become citizens - "birds of passage" earned $ to send back to family (sometimes returned)

Immigration Restrictions "nativists" lobbied successfully to restrict flow of immigration 1882: Congress passed Chinese Exclusion Act - barred ALL Chinese immigrants for 10 years 1907-1908: Gentlemen’s Agreement restricted Japanese - Japan’s gov’t agreed to limit emigration Quota Acts of 1924 - allowed immigration based on % of ethnic group already in US based on 1890 census

Irish Uncle Sam Chinese

color stick = racial profiling Arizona officers with gun = overreaction by state gov’t dark skinned man = immigrant or US citizen