Latin America Chapter 9-11

Landforms and Resources Mountains and Highlands Andes Mountains (runs through South America, called the Rockies in North America) Guiana Highlands (northeastern section of South America) Brazilian highlands (east coast of S. America) Plains for grain and livestock Llanos- grassy, treeless plains used for feeding livestock and farming. Mostly in Colombia and Venezuela Cerrado- savannahs with flat terrain and moderate rainfall used for farming. (In Brazil) Pampas- grassland with rich soil (Northern Argentina and Uruguay)

Landforms and Resources Continued The Amazon and other rivers Amazon River 4,000 miles from east to west Fed by 1,000 tributaries Carries the most water to the ocean in the world! MORE THEN THE NEXT SEVEN RIVERS COMBINED! Parana River Starts at the highlands of Brazil and travels 3,000 miles south and west . Major Islands of the Caribbean

Major Islands of the Caribbean The Greater Antilles Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico The Lesser Antilles Windward Islands- wind blows across them Leeward Islands- sheltered from winds.

Resources Mineral Resources Energy Resources Gold, silver, iron, copper, bauxite (aluminum ore), tin, lead, nickel. Precious gems-, titanium and tungsten Vast resources which are shipped to other countries for a profit Energy Resources Oil, coal, natural gas, uranium, and hydroelectric power

Climate and vegetation

A varied climate and vegetation Ranges from hot and humid (Amazon river basin) to dry and desert-like (Mexico and southern Chile. Rain forest, desert, and savanna all found in Latin America Vegetation includes- rain forests, grasslands, desert scrub. Warm currents from Atlantic Ocean and cold currents from Pacific Ocean affect climate

Tropical and Dry Climate Zones Tropical Wet- Rain Forests, lots of trees (different species), hot and raining year round. 2,500 varieties of trees Brazil nut tree grows 150 feet high Anacondas, piranhas, and the jaguar can be found in this climate zone. Dry Climate Zones- Semiarid- generally dry, some rain. Grass covered plains. Countries include Mexico, Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Desert- Northern Mexico and coast of Peru. Includes the Atacama Desert. Vegetation includes shrubs growing on gravel (rocks) and sand.

Mid Latitude Zones Humid Subtropical Mediterranean Marine West Coast Highlands

Human Environment Interaction Chapter 9 sec 3

Agriculture reshapes the environment Slash and Burn- Removes trees and brush for farming. Ashes become nutrients for new crops. Still used today Improper use of land causes soil to be exhausted of nutrients (can’t grow anything) Causing rain forests to shrink Terraced Farming- Ancient technique for growing crops on hills/mountains Technique reduces soil erosion.

Urbanization: Move to the Cities Moving from country to city In Argentina, Uruguay, Venezuela- most highly urbanized countries in S America 90% of People live in cities and towns in these countries Push factors-Poor medical care, poor education, low-paying jobs, and lands not owned by the poor (owned by a few rich people) Pull Factors- Higher-paying jobs, better schools, and better medical care.

Rapidly growing cities Six cities in S America ranked regions largest city population. Sao Paulo and Rio de Janerio in Brazil, Buenos Aries in Argentina, Lima in Peru, Bogota in Colombia, and Santiago in Chile. Problems in cities Slums Unemployment Crime Pollution Poor infrastructure

Tourism: Positive and Negative Impacts Advantages Brings in money to stimulate the economy New Hotels, restaurants, boutiques (small stores), and other businesses New jobs for local workers Disadvantages Resorts take over local land (eyesores) Congestion (more people, more traffic) Pollution increases Builds debt to government for building tourist attractions Pushes locals off of “valuable” land Money does not stay in country (owners of resorts and companies send money back to their countries)

Bellringer (Note Based) What are the “Rockys” of South America? Llanos, Cerrado, and Pampas are all examples of what? How many varieties of trees are in the rainforest? What is the tallest tree in the rainforest and how tall can it grow to? What are two negative results of Slash and Burn in South America? What are five issues in rapid growing cities across South America? When finished review your notes with a person next to you to ensure you and they have all the notes for Latin America.

Human geography of latin America: A BLENDING OF CULTURES

SECTION 1: MEXICO

NATIVE AMERICANS AND THE SPANISH CONQUEST Many native groups Toltecs, Maya, and Aztecs are major groups Spanish Conquest began in 1519 when Hernando Cortés landed Conquered Tenochtitlán (Aztec capital) by 1521

COLONY AND COUNTRY Mexico became a Spanish colony Independence won in 1821 1822: Agustín Iturbide declares himself emperor Mid 1800s: Benito Juaréz becomes the first president of Mexico

COLONY AND COUNTRY CONTINUED Porfirio Díaz succeeds Juárez He was dishonest Led to revolution led by Francisco Madero, Pancho Villa, and Emiliano Zapata 1917: new constitution adopted—redistributes land to peasants

ONE-PARTY RULE 1929: Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) rises to prominence Did not tolerate opposition Led to corruption Ousted in 1997 2000: Vicente Fox becomes first non-PRI president in 71 years

Bellringer Where did we last stop on our notes (write down the last sentence you have from your notes)? How did you fair through the hurricane? What continent is Brazil on? Canada? Mexico? What region is Mexico apart of? Canada? Brazil?

A MEETING OF CULTURES

AZTECS AND THE SPANISH Aztecs came from northern Mexico C. 1200 A.D.: Settled in Tenochtitlán in Lake Texcoco Performed human sacrifices 1521: Cortés destroys Tenochtitlan and builds Mexico City on top

AZTECS AND SPANISH CONTINUED Spanish brought language, Catholicism Mestizos: people of mixed Spanish and Native American heritage

MEXICAN PAINTERS Painting became public art Large murals on public buildings Famous artists: José Orozco, Diego Rivera, David Siquerios, and Juan O’Gorman, Frida Kahlo

ECONOMICS

OIL AND MANUFACTURING Large oil reserves Manufacturing is the most important Maquiladoras: factories that assemble imported materials into finished products that are then exported Many are companies from the U.S.

NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement 1994 Goal: eliminate trade and investment barriers between Mexico, U.S., and Canada

EMIGRATION, WORK, AND SCHOOL 2000 mile border with the U.S. Many leave to search for work Many uneducated in Mexico

SECTION 2: CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

MAYA INFLUENCE Mayans built cities in present-day Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras Central city was Tikal, in northern Guatemala

SPANISH IN CENTRAL AMERICA Spain ruled Central America until the 19th century Mexico ruled it until 1823 United Provinces of Central America declared independence from Mexico Late 1830s: UPCA split into El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras

CARIBBEAN INFLUENCES 1492: Columbus reaches Caribbean islands Called natives “Los Indios” They were the Taino Spanish settled and set up sugar plantations Used Taino as slave---many died of disease and abuse

CARIBBEAN INFLUENCES CONTINUED African slaves were brought to replace Taino The Caribbean today is heavily influenced by African life and culture

COLONIAL MOSAIC By 19th century, Spanish, French, Dutch, British, and Danish all had Caribbean claims They relied on sugar This brought more and more African slaves

CARIBBEAN INDEPENDENCE 1790s: Haiti becomes first independence movement in Latin America Slave revolt led by Toussaint L’Ouverture Won in 1804 Cuba independent from Spain in 1898 Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago in 1962 from Britain

CULTURE OF CENTRAL AMERICA 2 major elements: 1) Native American influence 2) Spanish Catholicism is major religion

CULTURE OF THE CARIBBEAN Spanish, Dutch, French, British, Danish, African, and Native American influences Mix of Catholic and Protestant Santeria, Voodoo (Haiti), and Rastafarianism (Jamaica)

Bellringer 10/18 Where did the Aztecs settle? What are Mestizos? Frida Kahlo was a what? How long is the U.S and Mexican border? What is the main religion of South America? Toussaint L’Ouverture led a revolt in what country and when? What did Columbus call the native people he encountered in the Caribbean?

ECONOMICS: JOBS AND PEOPLE

FARMING AND TRADE Caribbean: Sugar is largest export crop Bananas, citrus fruits, coffee, and spices also important Pay is low for workers Per-capita income low Central America: commercial farming Panama Canal: canal running through Panama, connecting the Atlantic Pacific Oceans

WHERE PEOPLE LIVE AND WHY Central America: Most live in rural areas because most people work on farms Caribbean: most live in cities Hope to find jobs in tourism

POPULAR CULTURE, TOURISM, AND JOBS

MUSIC OF THE CARIBBEAN Calypso: music that began in Trinidad and combines musical elements from Africa, Spain, and the Caribbean Reggae: music that developed in Jamaica in the 1960s and is rooted in African, Caribbean, and American music, often dealing with social problems and religion

TOURISM AND THE INFORMAL ECONOMY Hotels and resorts are an important industry in the Caribbean Informal economy: jobs outside official channels, w/o benefits for workers Ex: street vendors

SECTION 3: SPANISH-SPEAKING SOUTH AMERICA

INCA Civilization in the Andes (Peru) Centered in Cuzco Empire extended 2500 miles at height Built roads

SPANISH CONQUEST Francisco Pizarro conquers Inca empire Harsh treatment of natives Inca language Quechua, taken over by Spanish Quechua is still spoken today

INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS Began in 1st half of 19th century Simón Bolívar led rebellions for Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia José de San Martín helped to liberate Argentina, Chile, and Peru

GOVERNMENT BY THE FEW Oligarchy (rule by few) and military rule are common in S. America Authoritarian rule—obedience to authority over individual freedom—also is common

Bellringer 10/19 Write the answers on separate sheet of paper to be turned in for grading. 20 mins from end of announcements to complete assignment 1) What products are created and exported from central America? 2) Why is the Panama Canal important? 3)Where do most people live in central America? The Caribbean? 4) What are two music styles of the Caribbean? 5)What was the capitol of the Inca Empire? 6)What is the Inca Language? 7) Who are the two men that led revolutions in Latin America? 8) What type of government pushes for obedience to authority over individual freedom?

CULTURAL MOSAIC

LITERATURE Gabriel Garciá Márquez (Colombia) Most famous S. American author Won Pulitzer Prize for literature in 1982

MUSIC Pop music and folk music Music combines Indian, African, and European elements Classical music is also very important throughout the region

ARTS AND CRAFTS Artisan works popular Pottery, textiles, glasswork, and metalwork Mix of aesthetics and usefulness

ECONOMICS: RESOURCES AND TRADE Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana: crops for export Colombia and Venezuela: oil, coffee, narcotics Peru and Ecuador: fishing Argentina: grain and livestock Paraguay: beans, cotton

CHILE’S SUCCESS STORY S. America’s economic success story Rich mines (copper is Chile’s largest export) Fruits and vegetables Associate member of Mercosur: an economic common market that began operations in 1995 (Think of NAFTA)

LITERACY IN S. AMERICA Higher literacy rates than Central America Literacy rate among women is about equal with men

LITERACY IN CHILE Literacy rate is 95% in Chile 98% among those 15-19 Education is highly valued in Chile

SECTION 4: BRAZIL

HISTORY: A DIVIDED CONTINENT Spain and Portugal were competing for colonies To avoid conflict, Pope Alexander VI created the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) This divided the world between Spain and Portugal Portugal got Brazil in S. America

PORTUGUESE CONQUEST Colonists arrive early 1500s 1-5 million natives already there Search for gold and silver was fruitless Sugar plantations set up instead Settlement patterns were on the coast African slaves brought

INDEPENDENCE FOR BRAZIL Napoleon defeated in 1815 Demand for independence Petitioned the king of Portugal People asked that Dom Pedro, son of the king, rule the independent Brazil Sept. 1822: Brazil declared independent

Bell-ringer 10/20 Write the answers on separate sheet of paper to be turned in for grading. 20 mins from end of announcements to complete assignment 1) Who was the most famous S. American author that won the Pulitzer Prize for literature in 1982? 2) Music from Latin America combines what three cultural elements (What cultures is the music based off of)? 3) What three resources can be found in Colombia and Venezuela? 4) What is the literacy rate between men and women in South America? 5) What treaty divided the new world into two parts (one half controlled by Spain the other half by Portugal)? 6) What type of plantations were created in Brazil? 7) When did Brazil gain its independence?

A mix of Portuguese, African, and Native elements… A NATIONAL CULTURE

THE PEOPLE OF BRAZIL Only around 200,000 natives remain Many immigrants They come from Portugal, Germany, Italy, Spain, Lebanon, and Syria Brazil has largest Japanese population outside of Japan

LANGUAGE AND RELIGION Speak Portuguese Catholic majority (largest Catholic population in the world) 20% Protestant Other: mix of African and Catholic practices

AN ECONOMIC GIANT AWAKENS Brazil is a growing economic power. It has abundant natural resources AN ECONOMIC GIANT AWAKENS

AN INDUSTRIAL POWER Rich in iron, bauxite, tin, manganese Gold, silver, titanium, chromite, tungsten, and quartz also available Hydroelectricity Large oil and natural gas reserves One of the most industrialized countries in S. America

MIGRATION TO CITIES Large gap between rich and poor Urbanization occurs to improve life 87% now live in cities

MIGRATION TO THE INTERIOR Capital city of Brasília built in 1957 to attract people to the interior Commercial ag in the Cerrado (Great Plains of S. America) draws new jobs to interior

BRAZILIAN LIFE TODAY

FROM CARNIVAL TO MARTIAL ARTS Carnival: most colorful feast day in Brazil Big in Rio de Janeiro Samba: Brazilian dance with African influences Capoeira: martial art; blends Brazilian dance; brought from Angola

CITY LIFE IN RIO DE JANEIRO Rio is the cultural center of Brazil Sugarloaf Mountain, Guanabara Bay, Copacabana Beach are popular tourist sites Favelas: very poor slums—high crime rate

Chapter 11: today’s issues in Latin America

RAINFOREST LAND USES Vegetation helps clean the atmosphere, regulate climate, and shelter millions of species Biodiversity: the variety of organisms within an ecosystem

CLEARING THE RAINFORESTS World demand for timber is high Farmers use slash and burn to create fields Ranchers clear forest for grazing land

POPULATION PRESSURE Brazil’s population should reach 200 million by 2020 This creates need for new houses (timber) and more living space

THE PRICE OF DESTRUCTION

DEFORESTATION Deforestation: cutting down and clearing away of trees Long term effects far outweigh the short term

ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS Trees absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen Deforestation leads to a build-up of CO2 This prevents heat from escaping the earth This builds up the temperature This is Global Warming

PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN DANGER 50% of the world’s plant and animal species are in the rainforest Plants are used to create new medicines

MOVING TOWARD SOLUTIONS

A JUGGLING ACT Countries struggle with how to balance economic concerns with environmental ones Move is to educate people as to the value of the rainforest

FIGHTING ECONOMICS WITH ECONOMICS Debt-for-nature swap: debt reducing deal wherein an organization agrees to pay off a certain amount of government debt in return for government protection of a certain portion of rain forest

SECTION 2: GIVING CITIZENS A VOICE

THE LEGACY OF COLONIALISM Rich and powerful ruled most countries during and immediately after Spanish rule (Oligarchy) Limited free speech, censoring of the press, punish dissent Junta: a govt run by generals after a military takeover

THE RULE OF THE CAUDILLO Caudillo: a military dictator or political boss Got support from the military and wealthy Ex: Juan Perón of Argentina, PRI of Mexico

ESTABLISHING STABLE DEMOCRACIES

GOALS OF REFORM Establish constitutional governments Participation of citizens Economic stability Gender and racial equality

LAND REFORM Def: process of breaking up large landholdings and giving portions of the land to land-poor peasant farmers