Classification & The Six Kingdoms

It’s Alive!!! In order to be part of a kingdom, an organism must be considered alive. All living things have 8 basic characteristics in common.

1. Organization All living things are made of one or more units called cells. Unicellular – only one cell. Multicellular – two or more cells.

2. Homeostasis Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant (yet also dynamic) internal environment in terms of pH, water, concentrations, temperature, etc.

3. Reproduction All organisms produce new organisms through reproduction. Sexual reproduction – two cells from different parents unite to produce the new organism. Asexual reproduction – new organism has a single parent.

4. Based on a Genetic Code Offspring inherit their traits from their parents. These traits are passed on through DNA.

5. Growth and Development Most unicellular organism only grow, or increase in size. Multicellular organisms grow and develop (cells continue to divide in order to mature).

6. Energy Acquisition and Release Obtaining and use of energy is called metabolism. One view of life is that it is the struggle to acquire energy (from sunlight, inorganic chemicals, or another organism), and release it.

7. Adaptation The characteristics of populations change over time, usually in response to their environment (remember evolution?) Charles Darwin began the recognition of the marvelous adaptations all life has that allow those organisms to exist in their environment.

8. Response to their environment Detection and response to stimuli. Internal stimuli. External stimuli (from environment.)

Interactions Living things interact with their environment as well as each other. Organisms obtain raw materials and energy from the environment or another organism.

Classifying Organisms To study the variety of life, biologists use a system to name organisms and group them in a logical way. Biologists use taxonomy, (the classification of organisms using universally accepted names) to avoid confusion caused by regional names.

What were Carolus Linnaeus’s contributions? Developed the binomial nomenclature system. Two part scientific name. Genus species. Developed the seven level system of classification. Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. (Domain has since been added before kingdom). Dreaded King Philip Came Over For Great Spaghetti.

Naming Organisms Genus species Again, called binomial nomenclature. Examples: Homo sapien – Human. Bubo virginianus – Great horned owl.

Naming Organisms Taxon Cougar’s Classification Kingdom Animalia Phylum People generally use a common name to refer to organisms on a day-to-day basis. Common names can vary, depending on geographic location: A cougar a.k.a. mountain lion, a.k.a. puma, a.k.a. panther Binomial nomenclature is a two-name system in Latin or Greek used for the scientific name Taxon Cougar’s Classification Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Felidae Genus Felis Species concolor http://www.hickerphoto.com/data/media/40/mountain_lion_pictures_sc61.jpg

Complete classsification

Binomial Common 2-word system 1 or more words written in Greek/Latin names organisms name varies depending on region or language same name no matter what nation helps distinguish between different organisms different species can Have the same common name written as Genus species Ex: Ursus arctos Ex: Grizzly Bear

Similar structures - scientists used to rely mainly on physical traits and anatomy to classify organisms. Evolutionary relationships - with advances in DNA technology, organisms are now classified based on their genetic and evolutionary history or phylogeny. Because of this, taxonomic classification is not permanent, but can be changed because of new information discovered using DNA sequencing.

What is a Cladogram? It is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship between groups of organisms. Derived characters are used in cladograms. Derived characters are new characteristics that are evolutionary innovations. Helps scientists understand how lineages broke away from another in the course of evolution.

Cladogram

Molecular Biology

Cladogram

Formerly the Kingdom Monera, now broken into two Kingdoms: Eubacteria Archaebacteria Yersinia pestis (Bubonic plague) http://uhavax.hartford.edu/bugl/Yersinia-pestis.jpg E. Coli (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/49477C30-0513-47BE-88FC-17974CB1F952/0/e_coli.jpg)

To be a Eubacteria... Unicellular. Prokaryotic. Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic. Have cell walls made of peptidoglycan Reproduce asexually (binary fission & conjugation). These bacteria live in the same environment as humans. Some are anaerobic – they don’t need oxygen to live.

New (6th) Kingdom… Archaebacteria This would be a second kingdom for bacteria which means “ancient bacteria”. Unicellular. Prokaryotic. Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic. Have cell walls NOT made of peptidoglycan. Reproduce asexually (binary fission & conjugation). Probably among the first life forms on earth. Live in EXTREME conditions (high pressure/temperature, deep sea vents). Most are anaerobic! http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/84150f.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halobacteria.jpg

To be a Protist… Mostly unicellular, some multicellular colonies (algae). Eukaryotic. Can be heterotrophic, autotrophic, or both. Some have cell walls made of cellulose. Reproduce sexually and asexually. Live in moist environments – no protection from drying out. Some move by cilia (tiny hairs), flagella (tail), pseudopods (fake feet).

Kingdom Protista Examples: Paramecium http://upsidedownhippo.com/archives/Paramecium.jpg Amoeba http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/robert.fuller/370%20Files/Week9Soil%20Organisms/amoeba1.jpg Plasmodiumhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://workforce.cup.edu/buckelew/images/Plasmodium%2520cathemerium%252012%2520midnite.jpg&imgrefurl=http://workforce.cup.edu/buckelew/Plasmodium%2520cathemerium.htm&h=512&w=640&sz=48&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=pBy5L3xpODFaaM:&tbnh=110&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3DPlasmodium%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den

To be a Fungus… Mostly multicellular, some unicellular (yeast). Eukaryotic. External heterotrophs – dissolves food outside the body. Have cell walls made of chitin. Reproduces sexually and asexually. Body made of a mesh of filaments called hyphae.

Kingdom Fungi Examples: Mushroom http://fogcity.blogs.com/jen/mushroom-thumb.jpg Yeast http://www.utoronto.ca/greenblattlab/images/a/yeast%201.jpg Truffle http://www.truffle-tree.co.uk/images/truffle_on_grass.jpg

To be a Plant… Multicellular. Eukaryotic. Autotrophic. Reproduce sexually (flowers) and asexually (vegetative propagation). Cell walls made of cellulose. Specialized reproductive structures (fruit, cones) to aid in dispersal of seeds. http://www.jtrue.com/cartoons/art/low/plant_layoff.jpg

Kingdom Plantae Examples: http://www.landscapingyourself.com/images/1plant1.jpg http://www.tcr.gov.nl.ca/nfmuseum/images/whitespruce7shoecovejune82002.jpg

To be an Animal… Multicellular. Eukaryotic. Internal heterotrophs – dissolves food inside the body. Most reproduce sexually. No cell wall. Many specialized structures for movement or food gathering. 5 – 10 million species (99% without a backbone).

Kingdom Animalia Example: http://www.fresnochaffeezoo.com/images/polar-bear.gif Daphnia http://www.chasewater.org.uk/images/microscopic/Daphnia%20with%20eggs.jpg http://library.thinkquest.org/11922/fish/flying_fish.jpg