The First Computers Jacquard’s Loom: programmed a loom A Historical Perspective The First Computers Jacquard’s Loom: programmed a loom “Babbage’s Folly”: first fully modern computer design Difference Engine Analytical Engine Module B

A Historical Perspective The First Computers Module Augusta Ada Byron, the world’s first computer programmer, played a key role in formulating the notion of programming the Analytical Engine. B

A Historical Perspective The First Computers In 1991, the London Science Museum built the Difference Engine using Babbage's plans, as shown in this woodcut. It worked perfectly. Module B

The First Computers Hollerith & the Automated Census Bureau A Historical Perspective The First Computers Hollerith & the Automated Census Bureau invented an electronic punching device founded Tabulating Machine Co. which became IBM Module B Hollerith’s punched-card tabulating machines are the predecessors of today’s business machines.

Foundations of Modern Computing A Historical Perspective Foundations of Modern Computing Module B ENIAC, created by Dr. John Mauchly & J. Presper Eckert, for use in the war but was not completed in time. It was mainly used to solve math problems

The Stored Program Concept A Historical Perspective The Stored Program Concept Module B The computer program, as well as the data, is stored in the computer’s memory.

A Historical Perspective The First Generation 1950s Module B The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes. Vacuum tubes failed frequently so first generation computers did not work most of the time.

A Historical Perspective Module B Eckert and Mauchly delivered the first UNIVAC to the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951. UNIVAC gained fame when it predicted Eisenhower as the winner of the 1952 U.S. presidential election.

The First Generation Features of UNIVAC IBM 701 IBM 650 A Historical Perspective The First Generation Features of UNIVAC easier to use (than ENIAC) fewer vacuum tubes (more reliable) stored program general-purpose used machine language IBM 701 IBM 650 Module B

The Second Generation Early1960s A Historical Perspective The Second Generation Early1960s Module The transistor heralded the second generation of computers B

The Second Generation Features and Advancements IBM 1401 A Historical Perspective The Second Generation Features and Advancements still use punch cards used printers, tape storage, & disk storage used high-level programming languages COBOL & FORTRAN introduced IBM 1401 Module B

A Historical Perspective The Second Generation Electronic Recording Machine -- Accounting (ERMA) American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) IBM System/360 line of compatible computers instruction set enabled to be used for both business and science Module B

The Third Generation (Mid 1960s to Mid 1970s) A Historical Perspective The Third Generation (Mid 1960s to Mid 1970s) Advancements and Milestones used timesharing accessed remotely by terminals used integrated circuits (small, medium, to large-scale integration) resulting in lower cost Module B Integrated chips

The Third Generation More Advancements and Milestones A Historical Perspective The Third Generation More Advancements and Milestones DEC’s minicomputer, the PDP-8 many different programming languages IBM “unbundled” its systems Module B

Still More Advancements and Milestones A Historical Perspective Still More Advancements and Milestones Wide-area networks (WAN) developed ARPANET implemented Internet protocols (TCPIP) Local area networks (LAN) developed Mainframes (proprietary)/minicomputers (open architecture) Module B

The Fourth Generation (1975-1991) A Historical Perspective The Fourth Generation (1975-1991) Advancements and Milestones employed very-large-scale integration (VLSI) developed Intel 4004, first microprocessor Apple Computer founded IBM introduced the Personal Computer (PC) IBM compatibles or clones introduced Module B

A Historical Perspective The Fourth Generation The first IBM PC was released in 1981. Intel provided the microprocessor chip and Microsoft Corporation provided the operating system Module B

The Fourth Generation Apple Computer IBM Interfaces Motorola Intel PC A Historical Perspective The Fourth Generation IBM Apple Computer Module B Interfaces Motorola Intel PC Macintosh The first GUI was developed at Xerox Corporation’s Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)

A Historical Perspective IBM Apple Computer Microsoft’s Windows 98 is a popular GUI designed for IBM- compatible microcomputers Module B Macintosh was the first commercial personal computer to offer a user interface

A Historical Perspective A Fifth Generation? Experts have forecast that the hallmark of the fifth generation will be artificial intelligence (AI), in which computers exhibit characteristics of human intelligence. AI has been slow in coming. Module B

A Historical Perspective A Fifth Generation? Module B Technologically, we’re still in the fourth generation, in which engineers are pushing to see how many transistors they can pack on chip. This effort alone will bring some of the trappings of AI.

A Historical Perspective Lessons Learned Purposes served by technologies cannot be foreseen by designers Developing faster hardware is easier than developing good software A company is wise to create products that conform to published, non-proprietary standards Module B