Emotion

Let’s think about this: Take out a scrap sheet of paper Make a list of all of the emotions you can think of in 2 minutes On your mark…get set…go Now group similar emotions into categories

Basic Emotions Primary emotion Secondary emotion Tertiary emotions Love Affection Adoration, affection, love, fondness, liking, attraction, caring, tenderness, compassion, sentimentality Lust Arousal, desire, lust, passion, infatuation Longing Joy Cheerfulness Amusement, bliss, cheerfulness, gaiety, glee, jolliness, joviality, joy, delight, enjoyment, gladness, happiness, jubilation, elation, satisfaction, ecstasy, euphoria Zest Enthusiasm, zeal, zest, excitement, thrill, exhilaration Contentment Contentment, pleasure Pride Pride, triumph Optimism Eagerness, hope, optimism Enthrallment Enthrallment, rapture Relief

More Basic Emotions Surprise Amazement, surprise, astonishment Anger Irritation Aggravation, irritation, agitation, annoyance, grouchiness, grumpiness Exasperation Exasperation, frustration Rage Anger, rage, outrage, fury, wrath, hostility, ferocity, bitterness, hate, loathing, scorn, spite, vengefulness, dislike, resentment Disgust Disgust, revulsion, contempt Envy Envy, jealousy Torment

More Basic Emotions Sadness Suffering Agony, suffering, hurt, anguish Depression, despair, hopelessness, gloom, glumness, sadness, unhappiness, grief, sorrow, woe, misery, melancholy Disappointment Dismay, disappointment, displeasure Shame Guilt, shame, regret, remorse Neglect Alienation, isolation, neglect, loneliness, rejection, homesickness, defeat, dejection, insecurity, embarrassment, humiliation, insult Sympathy Pity, sympathy Fear Horror Alarm, shock, fear, fright, horror, terror, panic, hysteria, mortification Nervousness Anxiety, nervousness, tenseness, uneasiness, apprehension, worry, distress, dread

Volunteers: Role play Take a card Act out the emotion Class can you guess what the emotion displayed was?

Theories of Emotion Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3) conscious experience.

Theories of Emotion Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?

Controversy Does physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional experience? Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion (feeling)?

Common Sense View When you become happy, your heart starts beating faster. First comes conscious awareness, then comes physiological activity. Bob Sacha

James-Lange Theory of Emotion Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli Fear (emotion) Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus)

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion) Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: physiological responses subjective experience of emotion

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion Cognitive label “I’m afraid” Fear (emotion) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) To experience emotion one must: be physically aroused cognitively label the arousal

Embodied Emotion We know that emotions involve bodily responses. Some of these responses are very noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when fear arises), but others are more difficult to discern (neurons activated in the brain).

Physiological Similarities Physiological responses related to the emotions of fear, anger, love, and boredom are very similar. OBJECTIVE 4| Name three emotions that involve similar physiological arousal. M. Grecco/ Stock Boston Excitement and fear involve a similar physiological arousal.

Emotion and Physiology Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Pupils dilate Decreases Perspires Increases Accelerates Inhibits Secrete stress hormones Parasympathetic division (calming) Pupils contract Dries Slows Activates secretion of stress EYES SALIVATION SKIN RESPIRATION HEART DIGESTION ADRENAL GLANDS

Cognition and Emotion The brain’s shortcut for emotions

Arousal and Performance Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks Compare to motivation

Physiological Differences Physical responses, like finger temperature and movement of facial muscles, change during fear, rage, and joy. OBJECTIVE 5| Describe some physiological and brain pattern indicators of specific emotions. More dopamine receptors: nucleus accumbens The amygdala shows differences in activation during the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left hemisphere (happy) is different from the right (depressed) for emotions.

Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking? Cognition and Emotion What is the connection between how we think (cognition) and how we feel (emotion)? Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking?

Cognition Can Define Emotion An arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event. OBJECTIVE 6| Explain how spillover effect influences our experience of emotion. AP Photo/ Nati Harnik Reuters/ Corbis Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which may lead to rioting.

Cognition and Emotion The brain’s shortcut for emotions Sensory input may be routed directly to the amygdala (via the thalamus) for an instant emotional reaction or to the cortex for analysis

Emotion: Lie Detectors Polygraph machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion perspiration cardiovascular breathing changes

Emotion--A Polygraph Examination

Emotion— Lie Detectors Control Question Aim to make anyone nervous (baseline) Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone? Relevant Question Did [the deceased] threaten to harm you in any way? Relevant response greater than control response  Lie

Emotion-- Lie Detectors Control question Relevant (a) (b) Respiration Perspiration Heart rate

Emotion-- Lie Detectors Percentage Innocent people Guilty 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Judged innocent by polygraph Judged guilty by polygraph 50 Innocents 50 Theives 1/3 of innocent declared guilty 1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

Emotion-- Lie Detectors Lab Emotion-- Lie Detectors Is 70% accuracy good? Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty test all employees 285 will be wrongly accused What about 95% accuracy? Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty test all employees (including 999 innocents) 50 wrongly declared guilty 1 of 51 testing positive are guilty

Expressed Emotion How do we decipher people’s emotions? body language tone of voice facial expressions Are these behaviors culture, gender bound? How good are we in detecting true or false emotions?

Nonverbal Communication People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one

Nonverbal Communication We read fear and anger mostly from eyes, happiness from the mouth Experience influences how we perceive emotions physically abused children are quicker to pick out the angry face than non abused children At what point does the person morph into fear?

Gender Differences Women generally surpass men at reading people’s emotional cue Spotting lies Greater emotional literacy Greater emotional responsiveness to positive and negative situations More empathic…more likely to express empathy

Expressed Emotion: Gender Differences Gender and expressiveness Men Women Sad Happy Scary Film Type 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Number of expressions

UNIVERSAL FACIAL EXPRESSIONS Definition number of specific inherited facial patterns or expressions that signal inherited facial patterns or expressions that show specific feelings or emotional states, such as a smile signaling a happy state Number of expressions (seven) Cross culture Anger, sadness Happiness, fear Surprise, disgust Contempt

Which smile is feigned, which is natural? Detecting Emotions Facial muscles reveal signs of emotion. Difficult to detect expression of deceit Absence of verbal or emotional cues makes detection difficult Which smile is feigned, which is natural? How can you tell?

Expressed Emotion Culturally universal expressions

Emotions are Adaptive Darwin speculated that our ancestors communicated with facial expressions in the absence of language. Nonverbal facial expressions led to our ancestor’s survival. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

Analyzing Emotion Analysis of emotions are carried on different levels.

Feedback Hypotheses Facial feedback hypothesis Expressions amplify our emotions by activating muscles associated with specific states If we smile, we’ll feel happier Behavior feedback hypothesis If we move our body as we would when expressing some emotion we are likely to feel that emotion to some degree Shuffling feet with downcast eyes feel sad

Experienced Emotion Infants’ naturally occurring emotions Joy Anger Interest Disgust Surprise Sadness Fear

People generally divide emotions into Dimensions of Emotion People generally divide emotions into two dimensions.

THE END

Experienced Emotions: Fear We learn specific fears through conditioning and observational learning Biologically prepared to learn certain fears but not others Snakes, spiders, heights  Self preservation  shared with prehistoric ancestors Fast driving, bombs, electricity  not conditioned in “genetic” makeup  future generations??

Experienced Emotion The Amygdala--a neural key to fear learning

Experienced Emotion: Anger Frustrations, insults…evoke anger Catharsis emotional release catharsis hypothesis “releasing”, or venting, aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges Temporary relief  may actually amplify anger Reconciliation better than retaliation in reducing anger and its symptoms

Experienced Emotions: Happiness Feel-good, do-good phenomenon people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood More helpful to strangers, give money and time

Subjective Well-Being Experienced Emotion Subjective Well-Being self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life used along with measures of objective well-being physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life

Experienced Emotion Moods across the day

Experienced Emotion Changing materialism

Experienced Emotion Does money buy happiness? Average per-person Year 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Average per-person after-tax income in 1995 dollars Percentage describing themselves as very happy $20,000 $19,000 $18,000 $17,000 $16,000 $15,000 $14,000 $13,000 $12,000 $11,000 $10,000 $9,000 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Percentage very happy Personal income

Experienced Emotion Values and life satisfaction Importance scores Money Love 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 Life satisfaction 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 Importance scores

Experienced Emotion Adaptation-Level Phenomenon Relative Deprivation tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level brightness of lights volume of sound level of income defined by our prior experience Current level of happiness/satisfaction after awhile may not be enough May want to increase level so strive to do something a little more challenging (tied in with motivation) Relative Deprivation perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Happiness is... However, Happiness Seems Not Much Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Have work and leisure that engage their skills Have a meaningful religious faith Sleep well and exercise However, Happiness Seems Not Much Related to Other Factors, Such as Age Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Education levels Parenthood (having children or not) Physical attractiveness