Respiratory System Objectives: identify and describe the major structures and functions of the respiratory system recognize, define, spell, and pronounce terms related to the pathology and diagnostic and treatment procedures of the respiratory system

Key Word Parts Atel/o Bronch/o Pleur/o Pneum/o Cyan/o -pnea -ectasis Laryng/o Ox/o Pharyng/o Phon/o Pleur/o Pneum/o -pnea Pulmon/o Tachy- -thorax; thorac/o Trache/o

Key Word Parts Atel/o – incomplete, imperfect Bronch/o/i – bronchial tube, bronchus Cyan/o – blue -ectasis – stretching, dialation, enlargement; (ectasia) Laryng/o – larynx, throat

Key Word Parts Ox/o/i/y - oxygen Pharyng/o – pharynx, throat Phon/o – sound, voice (-phonia) Pleur/o – pleura, side of body Pneum/o – lung, air (pneumon/o)

Key Word Parts -pnea – breathing Pulm/o – lung (pulmon/o) Tachy- - fast, rapid thora/o – chest (thorac/o; thorax) Trache/o/i – trachea, windpipe

Functions Bring oxygen-rich air into the body for delivery to the blood cells Expel waste products (CO2 and H2O) that have been returned to the lungs by the blood Produce the air flow through the larynx that makes speech possible

Structures/Function: Upper respiratory tract Nose: Septum – divides nose left/right Mucous membrane – specialized lining Cilia – hairlike projections to remove foreign matter Olfactory receptors – smell sensors

Structures/Function: Upper respiratory tract Sinuses: frontal – in the frontal bone above the eyebrows sphenoid (sfee-noid) – in the sphenoid bone, are close to the optic nerves. ethmoid – in the ethmoid bone separated from the orbital cavity by thin layer of bone maxillary – in the maxillary bone below the orbital cavities

Structures/Function: Upper respiratory tract Pharynx: nasopharynx – posterior to the nasal cavity and into the oral cavity oropharanyx – visible when looking into the mouth laryngopharynx – below the mouth to the openings of the esophagus and trachea epiglottis – lid-like structure that swings downward closing of the laryngopharynx so food does not enter the trachea

Structures: Upper respiratory tract Larynx – voice box; between the pharynx and the trachea series of 9 separate cartilages with the largest being the thyroid cartilage (adams apple) Trachea – windpipe; extends from the neck into the chest directly in front of the esophagus

Structures: Lower respiratory tract Bronchi – windpipe; main branches off of the trachea (left and right) Bronchiole – continued subdivision of the bronchi into the smallest forms Alveoli – air sacs; small grape-like clusters that allow gase exchange with capillaries

Structures: Lower respiratory tract Lungs – two lobes or divisions right lung – has three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior left lung – has two lobes: superior and inferior Mediastinum – interpleural space; between the lungs; contains the thoracic viscera (heart,esophagus, trachea, bronchi, thymus) Diaphragm – muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities; muscle that makes breathing possible

Respiration - external The exchange of gases within the lungs and the external environment Inhalation – act of taking in air diaphragm contract and pull downward expansion produces a vacuum Exhalation – act of breathing out air diaphragm relaxes forces air out of lungs respiration equals one inhalation and one expiration

Respiration - internal The exchange of gases within the cells of the body organs and tissues

Specialties Otolaryngologist physician specializing in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the ears, nose and throat (otorhinolaryngologist) Pulmonologist physician specializing in the lungs and associated tissues Respiratory therapist and therapy technician

Pathology – Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) COPD – general term used to describe a group of repiratory conditions characterized by chronic airflow limitations Asthma (az-mah) – chronic allergic disorder severe breathing difficulty coughing wheezing

Pathology – Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) Bronchiectasis – chronic dilation of bronchi or bronchioles Emphysema (em-fih-see-mah) – progressive loss of lung function due to decrease in number of functional alveoli Smoker’s repiratory syndrome (SRS) – cough, wheezing, vocal hoarseness, pharyngitis, dyspnea, infection susceptibility

Pathology – Upper respiratory diseases Allergic rhinitis – allergy; allergic reaction to airborne allergens causing increased mucus flow Croup (kroop) – barking cough in infants and children Diphtheria (dif-thee-ree-ah) – uri caused by diphtheria bacteria Epistaxis (ep-ih-stack-sis) - nosebleed

Pathology – Upper respiratory diseases Influenza – flu; highly contagious viral infection; common during colder months Pertussis (per-tuss-is) – whooping cough; contagious bacterial infection Rhinorrhea – runny nose; Sinusitis – inflammation of the sinuses URI and acute nasopharangitis – common cold

Pathology – Pharynx/Larynx Pharyngitis (far-in-jigh-tis) – sore throat; inflammation of the pharynx Pharyngorrhagia – bleeding from the pharynx Pharyngorrhea – discharge of mucus from the pharynx Laryngoplegia – paralysis of the larynx Laryngospasm – sudden closure of larynx

Pathology – Pharynx/Larynx Voice disorders Aphonia – loss of ability to produce speech Dysphonia – difficulty speaking; any voice impairment; includes hoarseness, weakness Laryngitis – inflammation of larynx; commonly used to describe loss of voice caused by inflammation

Pathology – Trachea/Bronchi Tracheitis – inflammatio of the trachea Tracheorrhagia – bleeding from the trachea Bronchitis – inflammation of bronchial walls; usually caused by infection; smoking

Pathology – Trachea/Bronchi Bronchorrhagia – bleeding from the bronchi Bronchorrhea – excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi

Pathology – Pleural Cavity Pleurisy (ploor-ih-see) – inflammation of the visceral and parietal pleura in the thoracic cavity Pleuralgia – pain in the pleura Pneumothorax – accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space causing lung to collapse

Pathology – Pleural Cavity Pleural effusion – abnormal escape of fluid into the pleural cavity that prevents lung from expanding Empyema (em-pye-ee-mah) – pyothorax; accumulation of pus in pleural cavity Hemothorax – accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity Hemoptysis (hee-mop-tih-sis) – blood stained sputum from the lungs/bronchi

Pathology – Lungs Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) – type of lung failure resulting from pulmonary edema; causes: shock, infection, pneumonia, burns, injuries Pulmonary edema – accumulation of fluid in the lungs Pneumorrhagia – bleeding from the lungs Atelectasis (at-ee-lek-tah-sis) – collapsed lung from bronchiole blockage

Pathology – Lungs Tuberculosis – lung infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis Pneumonia – inflammation of lungs in which air sacs fill will liquid/pus. Bacterial Viral Lobar Broncho Double Aspiration Mycoplasma – walking Pneumocystis carinii

Pathology – Lungs Pneumoconiosis – condition caused by dust in the lungs after years of contact antracosis – black lung disease; coal dust asbestosis – asbestos particles byssinosis – brown lung disease; cotton,flax or hemp dust silicosis – grinder’s disease; silica or glass dust

Pathology – Lungs Pulmonary fibrosis – scar tissue replacing alveolar walls Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) – unknown fibrotic cause Cystic fibrosis (CF) – genetic disorder where lungs are clogged with large quantities of mucus

Pathology – Breathing Disorders Eupnea (youp-nee-yah) – easy or normal breathing; eu means good Tachypnea – rapid respiration; above 20 Bradypnea – slow respiration; below 10 Apnea – absence of spontaneous respiration Sleep apnea syndromes (SAS) – deadly if loss of breath causes decrease oxygen levels

Pathology – Breathing Disorders Cheyne-Stokes (CSR) – pattern of alternating hyperpnea, hypopnea and apnea Dyspnea – difficult or labored breathing Hyperpnea – abnormal increase Hypopnea – shallow or slow breathing Hyperventilation – increased breathing resulting in decreased CO2 cell levels

Pathology – Lack of Oxygen Airway obstruction – food or foreign object blocks airway preventing breathing Anoxia – absence of oxygen from inspired gases; 4-6 min. may cause brain damage Asphyxia – pathologic changes caused by lack of oxygen Asphyxiation – suffocation; interruption of breathing

Pathology – Lack of Oxygen Cyanosis – bluish discoloration of skin from lack of oxygen Hypoxia – subnormal oxygen levels in the cells Respiratory failure – dangerously low oxygen or high carbon dioxide levels Sudden infant death syndrome

Pathology – Lack of Oxygen Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) – crib death sudden and unexplainable death of apparently healthy infant between 2 weeks and 1 year occurs while sleeping on stomach prior to 2 weeks subluxation of C1

Diagnostic Procedures Respiratory rate – normal 12-20 bpm Pulmonary function tests – measure capacity and ability Phlegm – sputum used for diagnosis Bronchoscopy – visual exam of bronchi

Diagnostic Procedures Laryngoscopy – visual exam of layrnx Spirometry – records volume of air and length of time Tuberculin skin testing (TFT) – skin injection will show hardness within two to three days Chest imaging – x-rays; shows pneumonia, tumors pneumothorax, pleural effusion, tuberculosis and emphysema

Treatment - Medications Bronchoconstrictor – narrows the passages into the lungs Bronchodilator – expands the passages into the lungs

Treatment – Nose & Throat Septoplasty – septum surgical reconstruction Sinusotomy – surgical incision into a sinus Pharyngoplasty – pharyngx surgical repair Pharyngotomy – surgical incision into the pharynx

Treatment – Nose & Throat Laryngectomy – removal of the larynx Laryngoplasty – surgical larynx repair Endotracheal intubation – passage of tube through nose/mouth into trachea to establish airway

Treatment – Trachea & Bronchi Tracheoplasty – surgical trachea repair Tracheorrhaphy – suturing the trachea Tracheotomy – emergency procedure; incision made into the trachea Tracheostomy – creating an opening for placement of a tube

Treatment – Lungs/Pleura/Thorax Pneumonectomy – removal of all/part of lung Lobectomy – removal of a lobe of lung Pleurectomy – removal of part of pleura Thoracentesis – chest puncture with needle to obtain fluid

Treatment – Lungs/Pleura/Thorax Thoracotomy – surgical incision into chest wall Thoracostomy – surgical creation of an opening into the chest