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Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Lecture Overview Studying Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenia Other Disorders How Gender and Culture Affect Abnormal Behavior ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Studying Psychological Disorders Abnormal Behavior: patterns of emotion, thought, and action considered pathological for one or more of four reasons: statistical infrequency disability or dysfunction personal distress violation of norms ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Studying Psychological Disorders: Four Criteria for Abnormal Behavior ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Studying Psychological Disorders (Continued) Historical perspectives: In ancient times, people believed demons were the cause of abnormal behavior. In the 1790s, Pinel and others began to emphasize disease and physical illness, which later developed into the medical model. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Studying Psychological Disorders (Continued) Modern psychology includes seven major perspectives on abnormal behavior. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Studying Psychological Disorders: Classifying Abnormal Behavior The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR): provides detailed descriptions of symptoms contains over 200 diagnostic categories grouped into 17 major categories and five dimensions (or axes) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Studying Psychological Disorders: Classifying Abnormal Behavior (Cont Five Axes of DSM-IV-TR (guidelines for making decisions about symptoms) Axis I (current clinical disorders) Axis II (personality disorders and mental retardation) Axis III (general medical information) Axis IV (psychosocial and environmental problems) Axis V (global assessment of functioning) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review What are the four major standards for identifying abnormal behavior? The _____ provides detailed descriptions of the key symptoms of abnormal behavior. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Anxiety Disorders Five Major Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorder: characterized by unrealistic, irrational fear Five Major Anxiety Disorders 1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: persistent, uncontrollable, and free-floating anxiety 2. Panic Disorder: sudden and inexplicable panic attacks ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Anxiety Disorders (Continued) 3. Phobia: intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation 4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): intrusive, repetitive fearful thoughts (obsessions), urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors (compulsions), or both ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Anxiety Disorders (Continued) 5. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: anxiety disorder following extraordinary stress ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Anxiety Disorders (Continued) Explanations of Anxiety Disorders: Psychological—faulty cognitions, maladaptive learning Biological—evolution, genetics, brain functioning, biochemistry Sociocultural—environmental stressors, cultural socialization ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Mood Disorders Mood Disorders: characterized by extreme disturbances in emotional states Two Main Types of Mood Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder: long-lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, or maintain interest in life Bipolar Disorder: repeated episodes of mania and depression ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Mood Disorders (Continued) Using this hypothetical graph, note how major depressive disorders differ from bipolar disorders. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Mood Disorders (Continued) Explanations of Mood Disorders: Biological—brain functioning, neurotransmitter imbalances, genetics, evolution Psychosocial—environmental stressors, disturbed interpersonal relationships, faulty thinking, poor self-concept, learned helplessness, faulty attributions ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review What are the five major anxiety disorders? _____ are characterized by repeated episodes of mania and depression. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Schizophrenia Schizophrenia: group of psychotic disorders, characterized by a general loss of contact with reality Five areas of major disturbance: Perception (hallucinations) Language (word salad, neologisms) Thoughts (psychosis, delusions) Emotion (exaggerated or flat affect) Behavior [unusual actions (e.g., catalepsy, waxy flexibility)] ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Schizophrenia (Continued) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Schizophrenia (Continued) Explanations of Schizophrenia: Biological--genetic predisposition, disruptions in neurotransmitters, brain abnormalities Psychosocial--stress, disturbed family communication ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Schizophrenia – The Biopsychosocial Model ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review _____ is a group of psychotic disorders, characterized by a general loss of contact with reality. What are the three biological and two psychological factors that may contribute to schizophrenia? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Other Disorders Substance-related disorder (abuse of, or dependence on, a mood- or behavior-altering drug) Two general groups: Substance abuse (interferes with social or occupational functioning) Substance dependence (shows physical reactions, such as tolerance and withdrawal) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Other Disorders: Substance-Related Disorder ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Other Disorders (Continued) People with substance-related disorders also commonly suffer from other psychological disorders, a condition known as comorbidity. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Other Disorders (Continued) Dissociative Disorders: splitting apart (dis-association) of experience from memory or consciousness Types of Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Fugue Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Other Disorders (Continued) Best known and most severe dissociative disorder: Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): presence of two or more distinct personality systems in the same person at different times (previously known as multiple personality disorder) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Other Disorders (Continued) Personality Disorder: inflexible, maladaptive personality traits causing significant impairment of social and occupational functioning Examples of personality disorders: Antisocial Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Other Disorders (Continued) Antisocial Personality Disorder: profound disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others Key Traits: egocentrism, lack of conscience, impulsive behavior, and superficial charm ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Other Disorders (Continued) Explanations of Antisocial Personality Disorder Biological--genetic predisposition, abnormal brain functioning Psychological--abusive parenting, inappropriate modeling ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Other Disorders (Continued) Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): impulsivity and instability in mood, relationships, and self-image Explanations of BPD: Psychological—childhood history of neglect, emotional deprivation, abuse Biological—genetic inheritance, impaired brain functioning ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review People with substance-related disorders also commonly suffer from other psychological disorders, a condition known as ______. A serial killer would likely be diagnosed as a(n) _____ disorder. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

How Gender and Culture Affect Abnormal Behavior Gender and Depression: Women more often depressed. Why? Combination of biological, psychological, and social forces (biopsychosocial model) Biological Social Psychological ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Culture-General Symptoms: shared symptoms across cultures ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Culture-Bound Symptoms: unique symptoms that differ across cultures ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

How Gender and Culture Affect Abnormal Behavior (Continued) Gender and Cultural Diversity: Numerous culturally general symptoms, but significant differences exist in: prevalence form onset prognosis ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review What factors contribute to the higher incidence of depression among women than men? ____________ are shared symptoms across cultures ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation End of Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology